“…Undoubtedly, aspartase represents one of the earliest success stories of biocatalysis for industrial applications. Its high specificity and activity were immediately recognized and exploited in several industrial processes for the preparation of l -aspartic acid from fumaric acid and ammonium salts, comprehensively reviewed elsewhere. , The earliest applications employed wild-type E. coli cells immobilized on various supports, such as polyacrylamide, polyurethane, or carrageenan, with high productivity, good stability, and, most importantly, low cost. Subsequent improvements on this process involved the use of recombinant cells overproducing aspartase and the application of thermotolerant DALs with increased stability under the process conditions .…”