4. The use and misuse of performance‐enhancing substances in sport

Orchard, John; Fricker, Peter; White, Susan; Burke, Louise M.; Healey, Deborah

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00153.x

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Team physicians for elite‐level sports need to understand the drugs in sport policy issued and monitored by the national government under the auspices of WADA (World Anti‐Doping Agency) 22 . Doctors covering amateur sports should understand the effects of recreational drugs, 23 as athletes are generally of the age where the use of these drugs can be appealing. Educating amateur athletes about the possible affects of recreational drugs in relation to sporting activity is important.…”

Section: Drugs In Sportmentioning

confidence: 99%

6. Doctor on the sidelines

Verrall

Brukner

Seward³

2006

Medical Journal of Australia

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he most evident role of a doctor on the sidelines of both amateur and professional sports is appropriate recognition and management of injury. As the professionalism of the team increases, so does the need for the team doctor to have additional skills to help minimise time lost from injury and maximise sporting performance.Doctors for both amateur and professional teams require competence in the ability to recognise the need for emergency care and coordinate it. Care and management of less seriously injured athletes will often depend on the experience and skill of the team doctor. However, the old sports medicine maxim of "if in doubt, sit them out" is still a reasonable guide to management. Preparing for game dayAdequate preparation is essential. This includes preparing an emergency plan for evacuation of injured athletes, and being aware of the facilities available at the venue (eg, stretchers, collars, examination room). For sports that involve body contact, such as all of the football codes, a stretcher must be available, and this stretcher should be able to be dismantled (for use with patients who have spinal injury). The minimum equipment that a doctor should have access to is a bag and mask, cervical collars and an intravenous cannula.Most football leagues at national and state level supply an emergency pack (comprising cervical collars, airways, oxygen and ABSTRACT • Effectively managing on-field emergencies is the most important role of the doctor on the sidelines. Pre-event preparation is essential and should include a formulated plan for dealing with emergencies and access to emergency equipment such as a stretcher and a bag and mask.SERIES EDITORS:

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Section: Drugs In Sportmentioning

confidence: 99%

6. Doctor on the sidelines

Verrall

Brukner

Seward³

2006

Medical Journal of Australia

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“…PSE as a sympathomimetic is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines which are available on the medical market over the counter (OTC drugs) and which are frequently used by athletes [20] . In the opinion of several authors the eff ect of PSE on performance is not proven [3,4,9] or the use of PSE in a standard dose does not result in performance-enhancing eff ects [17] . On the concentration is greater than 5 μ g / ml.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems of the Use of Pseudoephedrine by Athletes

Pokrywka¹,

Tszyrsznic²,

Kwiatkowska³

2009

Int J Sports Med

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Pseudoephedrine (PSE) as a sympathomimetic is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines which are available on the medical market over the counter (OTC drugs). It can be converted to cathine (CATH, norpseudoephedrine) inside the body. Until the end of 2003, PSE had been a banned substance in sport in case its urinary concentration was greater than 25 mircog/ml. Then the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) removed PSE from the prohibited list. Prior to 2004 CATH was a forbidden substance and it is still one. CATH is included on the WADA prohibited list in the group of stimulants. The results of a doping control concerning PSE conducted in the Department of Anti-Doping Research of Institute of Sport in Warsaw in the years 2001-2003 and 2004-2007 have been compared. Moreover, several dozen of urine samples collected from the patients taking OTC drugs with PSE have been analysed. In these samples the concentration of PSE and CATH has been estimated. The results of this study have shown that athletes were using PSE frequently and in high doses between 2004 and 2007 when this substance was permitted by WADA. It is possible that athletes can obtain a positive result of doping control with CATH after the use of PSE.

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“…Intent to cheat is so difficult to prove or disprove that WADA takes a pragmatic approach and enforces strict liability for all positive tests 3. Strict liability means that denying intention to cheat is not relevant if the results of a drug test are positive.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are commonly used in medicine and have minimal or dubious performance enhancement qualities 3 4. Glucocorticoids are the best example but some mild stimulants, such as β 2 -agonists, would also be far more likely to have legitimate (as opposed to illegitimate) use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps, but they are probably rare, particularly given that well-informed drug cheats would try to avoid drugs that they know are banned and regularly tested for. Glucocorticoids are catabolic agents and probably lead to performance detriment in most sports if they are used over the medium to long term 3. Even if there is a small (and currently unproven) performance-enhancing effect of these drugs in the short term and therefore the potential for misuse, there is certainly also a huge pool of legitimate medical use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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