4-Hydroxy-2-alkenals in polyunsaturated fatty acids-fortified infant formulas and other commercial food products

Abstract

4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) were determined using selected ion-monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 56 kinds of commercially available PUFA-fortified foods including infant formulas and baby foods. HHE and HNE, each specifically coming from the oxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), were observed at <10-77 and 41-132 microg kg(-1) in the infant formulas (n = 12) and at <10-52 and 36-116 microg kg(-1) in the baby foods (n = 7), respectively. 4-Hydroxy-2-alkenals in infant formulas and baby foods were further determined at 10 and 30 days after opening in an attempt to examine the time dependence of the levels of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals. The values of HHE and HNE had increased appreciably to <10-220 and 79-792 microg kg(-1) in infant formulas and to <10-112 and 135-572 microg kg(-1) in baby foods, respectively, at 10 days and decreased, although statistically not significant, in most of the tested samples after 30 days, which suggested that the reactive compounds might interact with other constituents like proteins in the samples to form adducts or be decomposed with time. Based on the current study, it was calculated that 3-month to 1-year-old babies maintained exclusively on these commercially available PUFA-fortified infant formulas or baby foods could be exposed to a maximum of 20.2 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the exposure of Korean adults estimated in a previous study of the authors' (2005). The present study may trigger future studies investigating the physiological influence of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals originating from the diet on man at an early stage of development.

Dietary oxidized n-3 PUFA induce oxidative stress and inflammation: role of intestinal absorption of 4-HHE and reactivity in intestinal cells

“…In our study, the quantity of ingested 4-HHE per day as the one measured in lipid mixtures of high-fat diets was in the range 1-8 nmol/ day. This is slightly lower than in Surh et al study ( 25 ); nevertheless, our experimental conditions were relevant considering realistic food intakes.…”

“…Surh et al reported that the Korean daily exposure to 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals was 14 nmol/day for 4-HHE and 17 nmol/day for 4-HNE ( 25 ). In our study, the quantity of ingested 4-HHE per day as the one measured in lipid mixtures of high-fat diets was in the range 1-8 nmol/ day.…”

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms, Redox Considerations, and Therapeutic Targets

“…Diet may influence tissue levels of HNE, which derives from arachidonic and linoleic x6-acids, are often abundant especially in Western diets (246). However, HNE levels can be also affected by antioxidant intake, as well as by intestinal microbiota.…”

La importancia de los ácidos grasos en la leche materna y en las fórmulas lácteas

“…Las fórmulas lácteas han ido incorporando, en la medida que es tecnológicamente posible, los componentes fundamentales de la leche materna y aunque aún su composición dista mucho para igualarse a la secreción láctea, en los últimos años se han logrado progresos muy importantes (Carver, 2003;Valenzuela y Nieto, 2003;Prosser et al, 2010;Martinez y Ballew, 2011). En lo que respecta al tipo de ácidos grasos que aportan estas fórmulas, es necesario identificar aquellas que contienen LA y ALA y aquellas que además contienen AA y DHA, ya que la tendencia actual es adicionar los alimentos infantiles con estos ácidos grasos; y el problema surge cuando el lactante debe alimentarse con fórmulas convencionales, generalmente ricas en ácido linoleico, en algunos casos con aportes suficientes de ácido α-linolénico, pero pobres en ácido docosahexaenoico y araquidónico (Morales, 1994;Surh et al, 2007;Rosenfeld et al, 2009;Prosser et al, 2010;Makrides et al, 2011;Martinez y Ballew, 2011).…”