4‐Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one‐night stand

Linsen, Felix; Koning, Raoul Pieter Joost; Laar, Margriet van; Niesink, Raymond; Koeter, Maarten W. J.; Brunt, Tibor M.

doi:10.1111/add.12932

Cited by 45 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(31 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Even though serious acute health and psychosocial problems seemed rare in students, party-drug use in this population nevertheless requires monitoring, as longterm health outcomes of party-drug use are largely unknown (Linsen et al, 2015). Some clusters of individuals seem at risk of developing a more regular drug use pattern, and possibly developing acute health or psychosocial problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Drug use in Dutch nightlife is constantly developing, with recent increases in use of GHB, ecstasy (MDMA) and the so-called "new psychoactive substances" (NPS; Van Goossens, Frijns, Hasselt, & Van Laar, 2013;Linsen et al, 2015;Van Amsterdam, Nabben, Keiman, Haanschoten, & Korf, 2015). There is evidence suggesting a "normalization" of hard drug use in various Western countries (e.g., Australia; Duff, 2005), including the Netherlands (Goossens et al, 2013;Van der Poel, Rodenburg, Dijkstra, Stoele, & Van de Mheen, 2009;Van Van der Sar et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Party-Drug Use and Associated Problems among University Students in the Netherlands

Kunst

Gebhardt

2018

Substance Use & Misuse

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Recent developments in drug use patterns call for an investigation of current party-drug use and associated problems among college students, who appear to be an important target population for harm reduction interventions. Objectives: In addition to reporting on party-drug use prevalence, we investigated whether initial use and continuation of party-drug use among students was associated with demographic, personality and psychosocial factors. Methods: An online questionnaire was administered to 446 students from a Dutch university, inquiring about party-drug use, demographic characteristics, social norms and personality (big five, impulsiveness, aggression). Univariate and multivariate bootstrapped linear regression analyses were used. Results: Of all students, 22.9% indicated having used party-drugs at least once, with a notable sex difference (39.2% of men vs. 16.2% of women). In contrast to the reported trends in Dutch nightlife, GHB was used rarely (lifetime 1.6%) and new psychoactive substances (NPS; 6.7%) appeared almost equally popular as amphetamines (7.6%) and cocaine (7%). Mild health/psychosocial problems (e.g., doing embarrassing things, feeling unwell) were common (65%), whereas serious problems (e.g., being hospitalized) were rare. Neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness and impulsiveness were associated with lifetime but not regular party-drug use. Of all predictors, lifetime and regular party-drug use were most strongly related to lenient injunctive and descriptive norms in friends, and a low motivation to comply with parents. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that harm reduction/preventive interventions might profit from focusing on social norms, and targeting students who are highly involved in a pro-party-drug environment while experiencing less parental influence.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Party-Drug Use and Associated Problems among University Students in the Netherlands

Kunst

Gebhardt

2018

Substance Use & Misuse

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In 2014, 13% of the ketamine samples offered to the Dutch Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) contained MXE (van der Gouwe, 2014). Among Dutch partygoers (15e35 years), 3% has used MXE (Linsen et al, 2015). In other countries, MXE is also a popular NPS with a life-time prevalence of use around 5% in the USA and the UK.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropharmacological characterization of the new psychoactive substance methoxetamine

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tThe use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) is steadily increasing. One commonly used NPS is methoxetamine (MXE), a ketamine analogue. Several adverse effects have been reported following MXE exposure, while only limited data are available on its neuropharmacological modes of action.We investigated the effects of MXE and ketamine on several endpoints using multiple in vitro models. These included rat primary cortical cells, human SH-SY5Y cells, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived iCell ® Neurons, DopaNeurons and astrocyte co-cultures, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We investigated effects on several neurotransmitter receptors using single cell intracellular calcium [Ca 2þ ] i imaging, effects on neuronal activity using micro-electrode array (MEA) recordings and effects on human monoamine transporters using a fluorescence-based plate reader assay.In rat primary cortical cells, 10 mM MXE increased the glutamate-evoked increase in [Ca 2þ ] i , whereas 10 mM ketamine was without effect. MXE and ketamine did not affect voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), but inhibited spontaneous neuronal activity (IC 50 0.5 mM and 1.2 mM respectively). In human SH-SY5Y cells, 10 mM MXE slightly inhibited the K Our combined in vitro data provide an urgently needed first insight into the multiple modes of action of MXE. The use of different models and different (neuronal) endpoints can be complementary in pharmacological profiling. Rapid in vitro screening methods as those presented here, could be of utmost importance for gaining a first mechanistic insight to aid the risk assessment of emerging NPS.

show abstract

“…Similarly, para -substituted amphetamines have been associated with entactogen-like effects and used as adulterants in “Ecstasy” formulations, with para -methylamphetamine, para -methoxyamphetamine, and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) being amongst the most prevalent compounds in this class (Elliot & Evans, 2014; Palamar et al, 2016c). 4-FA is the most commonly reported para -substituted analog and is sought out specifically for its effects, in addition to inadvertent, adulterated “Ecstasy” use (Linsen et al, 2015). Its chemical structure is shown in figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminative stimulus and locomotor effects of para-substituted and benzofuran analogs of amphetamine

Dolan

Forster

Gatch

2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Novel psychoactive substances have maintained a prominent role in the global drug culture, despite increased regulation by governing bodies. Novel compounds continue to become available on the market, often in "Ecstasy" or "Molly" formulations in lieu of MDMA, at a much faster rate than they can be properly characterized. The current study aimed to investigate the discriminative stimulus and locomotor effects of three putatively entactogenic compounds that have become increasingly prevalent on the drug market: 5-(2-aminopropyl)-benzofuran (5-APB), 6-(2-aminopropryl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran (6-APDB), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Locomotor stimulant effects were assessed in an open-field assay for locomotor activity using Swiss-Webster mice. Discriminative stimulus effects were assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate either cocaine, methamphetamine, DOM, or MDMA from vehicle. The benzofuran compounds produced locomotor stimulation whereas 4-FA depressed locomotor activity. The benzofurans substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of MDMA, but only partially or not at all for methamphetamine, cocaine, and DOM, whereas 4-FA fully substituted for MDMA, methamphetamine and cocaine, but not DOM. These results indicate an MDMA-like pattern of abuse might be expected for the benzofurans, whereas 4-FA may be substituted for psychostimulants and MDMA.

show abstract

4‐Fluoroamphetamine in the Netherlands: more than a one‐night stand

Abstract: The stimulant 4-fluoroamphetamine is increasingly popular in the Netherlands, which might be due to its subjective effects profile, which lies intermediate between amphetamine and MDMA.

Cited by 45 publications

References 25 publications

Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Party-Drug Use and Associated Problems among University Students in the Netherlands

Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Party-Drug Use and Associated Problems among University Students in the Netherlands

Neuropharmacological characterization of the new psychoactive substance methoxetamine

Discriminative stimulus and locomotor effects of para-substituted and benzofuran analogs of amphetamine

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About