4-Aminopyridine Reverses Saxitoxin (STX)- and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Induced Cardiorespiratory Depression in Chronically Instrumented Guinea Pigs

Chang, Fat-Chun Tony

doi:10.1006/faat.1997.2328

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Surface plasma resonance [136], electrophysiological assays [97,98,191,232]; IR [96]; NMR [53,59,96,125,173,241,242]; GC-MS [7,8,85,137,139,169,170,171]; LC-FLD and LC-MS (Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9) have been developed and used for the determination of TTX by many researchers. In addition NMR, GC-MS, LC-FLD and LC-MS provide the benefit of finding not only TTX but related analogues along with co-occurring toxins in samples thus allowing a more comprehensive risk assessment of produce intended for human consumption.…”

Section: Historical Perspective On Analytical Methods Used For Ttmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several treatments for TTX poisoning have been discussed earlier in the text (Section 7.6). Interestingly, 4-aminopyridine was observed to reverse the effect of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin in mice without any side effects such as seizure or convulsions [231,232]. The optimal 4-AP dose was determined as 2 mg/kg (im) [232].…”

Section: The Distribution Of Ttx and Its Analoguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection

Bane

Lehane

Dikshit

et al. 2014

Toxins

297

286

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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a naturally occurring toxin that has been responsible for human intoxications and fatalities. Its usual route of toxicity is via the ingestion of contaminated puffer fish which are a culinary delicacy, especially in Japan. TTX was believed to be confined to regions of South East Asia, but recent studies have demonstrated that the toxin has spread to regions in the Pacific and the Mediterranean. There is no known antidote to TTX which is a powerful sodium channel inhibitor. This review aims to collect pertinent information available to date on TTX and its analogues with a special emphasis on the structure, aetiology, distribution, effects and the analytical methods employed for its detection.

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Section: Historical Perspective On Analytical Methods Used For Ttmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Distribution Of Ttx and Its Analoguesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection

Bane

Lehane

Dikshit

et al. 2014

Toxins

297

286

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“…It causes nicotinic and muscarinic effects, neuromuscular blockade and cardiovascular depression. Clinical signs are similar to poisoning with an anticholinesterase (MacKenzie et al, 1996) In mice, 4-amino pyridine (a potent K + channel blocker) reverses the diaphragmatic blockade, bradypnoea, bradycardia and depressed cortical activity within minutes (Chang et al, 1997). Passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (IgGs) to tetrodotoxin toxoid is protective in mice (Matsumura, 1995) Textilotoxin** Neuromuscular blockade occurs at the same time as respiratory failure.…”

Section: Clostridium Perfringensmentioning

confidence: 96%

Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins

Paddle¹

2003

J of Applied Toxicology

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This review highlights the current lack of therapeutic and prophylactic treatments for use against inhaled biological toxins, especially those considered as potential biological warfare (BW) or terrorist threats. Although vaccine development remains a priority, the use of rapidly deployable adjunctive therapeutic or prophylactic drugs could be life-saving in severe cases of intoxication or where vaccination has not been possible or immunity not established. The current lack of such drugs is due to many factors. Thus, methods involving molecular modelling are limited by the extent to which the cellular receptor sites and mode of action and structure of a toxin need to be known. There is also our general lack of knowledge of what effect individual toxins will have when inhaled into the lungs - whether and to what extent the action will be cell specific and cytotoxic or rather an acute inflammatory response requiring the use of immunomodulators. Possible sources of specific high-affinity toxin antagonists being investigated include monoclonal antibodies, selected oligonucleotides (aptamers) and derivatized dendritic polymers (dendrimers). The initial selection of suitable agents of these kinds can be made using cytotoxicity assays involving cultured normal human lung cells and a range of suitable indicators. The possibility that a mixture of selected antibody, aptamer or dendrimer-based materials for one or more toxins could be delivered simultaneously as injections or as inhaled aerosol sprays should be investigated.

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“…Intravenous injection of doses in the low nmol/kg range of either STX or TTX are all that is needed to kill some animals (Chang et al 1997;Flachsenberger 1986;Llewellyn 2006;Matsumura 1995b). While less potent if administered orally, only small (a few micrograms per kilogram) of either toxin are sufficient to kill mammals (Llewellyn 2006;Xu et al 2005).…”

Section: Their Historiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Growth

Macieira‐Coelho¹

2005

Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology

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4-Aminopyridine Reverses Saxitoxin (STX)- and Tetrodotoxin (TTX)-Induced Cardiorespiratory Depression in Chronically Instrumented Guinea Pigs

Cited by 28 publications

References 26 publications

Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection

Tetrodotoxin: Chemistry, Toxicity, Source, Distribution and Detection

Therapy and prophylaxis of inhaled biological toxins

Developmental Biology of Neoplastic Growth

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