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Collusion, torture, and inequality: Understanding the actions of the American Psychological Association as institutional betrayal

“…Betrayal blindness, which involves remaining unaware of or forgetting the trauma, helps to ensure survival by inspiring attachment behavior. Substantial empirical support exists for BTT, suggesting that betrayal is a fundamental aspect of psychological trauma (e.g., Kelley, Weathers, Mason, & Pruneau, 2012). For instance, exposure to betrayal trauma has been associated with elevated posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity (Kelley et al, 2012); impaired cheater detector abilities (DePrince, 2005); physical health symptoms (Freyd, Klest, & Allard, 2005); depression, anxiety, panic, anger, and poor health functioning (Edwards, Freyd, Dube, Anda, & Felitti, 2012); suicidality (Edwards et al, 2012;Gómez & Freyd, 2013); hallucinations (Gómez & Freyd, 2016;Gómez, Kaehler, & Freyd, 2014); elevated rates of revictimization (DePrince, 2005;Gobin & Freyd, 2009); and intergenerational trauma (Hulette, Kaehler, & Freyd, 2011).…”