3D scanner technology implementation to numerical modeling of GPR

Özkap, Kerem; Pekşen, Ertan; Kaplanvural, İsmail; Ćaka, Deniz

doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.104086

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…gprMax is an open‐source software that uses the FDTD method to simulate EM wave propagation and is used for the numerical simulations of GPR (Giannopoulos, 2005; Warren et al., 2016). gprMax is widely used because of its powerful function and simple operation (Jiang et al., 2023; Mihai et al., 2019; Özkap et al., 2020; Sokolov et al., 2020; Temlioglu & Erer, 2022).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPR velocity correction method in transversely heterogeneous media based on CMP data

Ling,

Qian,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Near Surface Geophysics

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Determining of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) velocity has always been a critical problem. The GPR velocity estimation method based on common midpoint (CMP) data has been widely used because of its simplicity. However, we found that in sediment investigation and soil assessment, transversal heterogeneity is universal, which violates the basic assumption of velocity estimation through CMP data. Due to the rapid change of underground media and the limitation of the scope of some surveying areas, the CMP survey line will inevitably be selected in the area where the velocity changes laterally, making it difficult to obtain accurate velocity. To address this problem, we propose a velocity correction method. First, we determined the characteristics of CMP data and the corresponding velocity spectra acquired in transversely heterogeneous media through numerical simulations. Subsequently, we found that the simulated CMP data could determine the location of changes in the underground medium and that the velocity obtained from the semblance analysis could be corrected according to the location where the medium changes laterally. We then used models wherein the thickness, relative permittivity, and proportion of abnormal parts varied independently or simultaneously to verify the proposed velocity correction method. The results show that our method can control the GPR velocity error within 3.44% and the precision is about 0.002 m/ns. Finally, we conducted a sediment investigation experiment on a channel bar in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. We determined the interface at which the sediment changed transversely and obtained the corresponding electromagnetic (EM) velocity using the proposed method. This study provides a reliable method for determining the GPR velocity in transversal heterogeneous media, which is of great significance for various practical applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPR velocity correction method in transversely heterogeneous media based on CMP data

Ling,

Qian,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Near Surface Geophysics

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“…gprMax is open-source software that simulates electromagnetic wave propagation using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's equations in 3D, thus simulating the forward results of GPR [49]. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility and accuracy of using gprMax for simulation detection in both theory and practice [50][51][52][53][54]. With gprMax, different reflected signals from various target objects in different uniform media can be simulated when they meet the propagation of radar electromagnetic wave and the position of the buried object in the underground media and the dielectric parameters of the underground media can be set.…”

Section: Theoretical Basis Of Gprmax Forward Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Coarse Root System Diameter Based on Ground-Penetrating Radar Forward Modeling

Bi,

Xing,

Liang

et al. 2023

Forests

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Root diameter is an important indicator of plant growth and development to a large extent. However, the field monitoring of these parameters is severely limited by the lack of appropriate methods, and some traditional methods may harm the plant and its growing environment. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a new nondestructive detection method for underground root systems. A new method for the estimation of the diameter of coarse roots using GPR with 900 MHz frequency was proposed in this paper. First, a simulation model was established to simulate the root system under natural conditions, and the root diameter estimation model based on the scanning results of GPR was obtained. Secondly, by studying the influence of soil and root relative permittivity on the diameter estimation model, a method was found to devise a coarse root diameter estimation model under different soil and root conditions of relative permittivity. Thirdly, the applicability of the diameter estimation model to roots with different growth orientations was tested by simulating roots with different growth orientations. Finally, the practical applicability of the estimation method was verified by field experiments. The results suggest that the root diameter estimation model can be constructed by extracting the pixel distance (∆p) of waveform parameters from the 900 MHz scanning results. This method can be used to estimate the diameter of coarse roots with diameters of no less than 2 cm and a relative permittivity greater than 5, and to estimate the diameter of roots in any orientation and soil environment effectively. At the same time, the application in the field experiment also resulted in a good estimation effect. This method provides a new opportunity to achieve more reliable root diameter estimation in complex situations. The estimation of coarse root diameter provides an experimental basis and data support for the healthy growth of trees, and also provides some information for the study of coarse root ecology.

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“…GprMax v.3.1.5 (Available online: http://www.gprmax.com/, accessed on 29 March 2021) is an open source software that can simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for GPR [36]. Previously, many researchers have proved the feasibility and accuracy of using GprMax for simulation detection through theory and practice [37][38][39][40][41]. Using GprMax for forward simulation is for modelling the corresponding radar response of roots and soil under the condition of known all variables of the simulation model, so as to explore the influence of each variable on the detection of roots by GPR [42].…”

Section: The Theoretical Basis Of Gprmax Forward Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Development of Plant Root Diameter Estimation Based on GprMax Data and Neural Network Modelling

Liang

Fan

et al. 2021

Forests

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The in situ non-destructive quantitative observation of plant roots is difficult. Traditional detection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also destroy the root environment. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), as a non-destructive detection method, has great potential in the estimation of root parameters. In this paper, we use GprMax software to perform forward modeling of plant roots under different soil dielectric constants, and analyze the situation of plant roots with different dielectric constants and different root diameters under 1.5 GHz frequency antenna detection. Firstly, root systems with increasing diameter under different values of root and soil dielectric constant were scanned. Secondly, from the scanning results, two time points T1 and T2 of radar wave entering and penetrating the root system were defined, and the correlation between root diameter D and time interval ∆T between T1 and T2 was analyzed. Finally, the least square regression model and back propagation (BP) neural network model for root diameter parameter estimation were established, and the estimation effects of the two models were compared and evaluated. The research results show that the root diameter (12–48 mm) is highly correlated with the time interval. Given the dielectric constants of the root and soil, the prediction results of the two models are accurate, but the prediction result of the neural network model is more stable, and the residual between the predicted value and the actual value is mainly concentrated in the [−1.5 mm, 1.5 mm] range, as well as the average of prediction error percentage being 3.62%. When the dielectric constants of the root and soil are unknown, the accuracy of the prediction results of the two models is decreased, but the stability of the neural network model is still superior to the least squares model, and the residual error is mainly concentrated in the range of [−5.3 mm, 5.0 mm], the average of prediction error percentage is 10.19%. This study uses GprMax to simulate root system detection and reveals the theoretical potential of GPR technology for non-destructive estimation of root diameter parameters. It is also pointed out that in the field exploration process, if the dielectric constants of the root and soil in the experimental site are sampled and measured first, the prediction accuracy of the model for root diameter would be effectively improved. This research is based on simulation experiments, so further simulation followed by laboratory and field testing is warranted using non-uniform roots and soil.

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3D scanner technology implementation to numerical modeling of GPR

Cited by 15 publications

References 28 publications

GPR velocity correction method in transversely heterogeneous media based on CMP data

GPR velocity correction method in transversely heterogeneous media based on CMP data

Estimation of Coarse Root System Diameter Based on Ground-Penetrating Radar Forward Modeling

Theoretical Development of Plant Root Diameter Estimation Based on GprMax Data and Neural Network Modelling

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