3D Printing Watermarking Algorithm Based on 2D Slice Mean Distance

Abstract

3D printing has recently been applied to many areas of life including education, healthcare, aerospace, automotive, industrial design and other domains in industry. Due to the fact that the benefit of 3D printing is significant, the copyright issue of 3D printing has been become essentially and importantly. To solve the copyright issue of 3D printing, we would like to propose a 3D printing watermarking algorithm based on the mean distance of 2D slices in this paper. In the proposed method, 3D printing model is sliced into a set of 2D slices, and each 2D slice is then embedded a bit of watermark data by changing the length of mean distance of that slice. Finally, the coordinates of points in each 2D slice will be altered according to the changed mean distance value of 2D slice which has been embedded watermark bit. Experimental results showed that the mean distance error between the watermarked 2D slices and the original 2D slices is very small. The bit error rate (BER) between the extracted watermark and the original watermark is also very low. So, we verify that the invisibility of the proposed method is effective, and the proposed method is also robust to geometric attacks as rotation, scaling, and translation. Comparing to the conventional works, the proposed method also provides a solution with better accuracy.

Copyright Protection of 3D Digitized Artistic Sculptures by Adding Unique Local Inconspicuous Errors by Sculptors

“…The same authors created an algorithm for copyright protection of 3D printed models based on Menger facet curvature and K-mean clustering [20]. Another algorithm based on slices of 3D mesh, which are embedded into watermark data, was also presented [21]. The coordinates of each point in the obtained 2D slices are changed according to the changed mean distance value of the 2D slice.…”

“…To analyze the protection of 3D models, we have researched on the Internet a number of techniques for sharing 3D models in a safe and secure way. One of the ways that are often mentioned is watermark [14,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. In this research, we will use an example of a sculpture to describe and present our conceptual solution for the protection of 3D models created by 3D digitization of cultural heritage (i.e., 3D models in general) from misuse and copying.…”

Copyright Protection of 3D Digitized Sculptures by Use of Haptic Device for Adding Local-Imperceptible Bumps

“…In the authors' previous work [2], a new approach for protecting digitized 3D cultural heritage was created. Namely, a sculpture of a man's head which belongs to the Gallery of Matica Srpska was digitized, and instead of the, until then, dominant ways of protecting such statues, a new one was proposed, which boils down to the addition of noise [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. In cooperation with the sculptor, the zones on the sculpture were defined, to which some material, i.e., clay, was added.…”