3d printing technologies: are their materials safe for conservation treatments?

Cimino, Daniela; Rollo, Giulia; Zanetti, Marco; Bracco, Pierangiola

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/364/1/012029

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Most filament materials used in entry-level 3D printers are generally polymers containing additives such as plasticizers, flame retardants, and stabilizers; therefore, harmful pyrolysates are released under high temperatures (near 200°C) during printing. 16,17,20,38 The particle emission levels can differ for the same type of filament with different ingredients and colors. Stabile et al evaluated ultrafine particle emissions with individual PLA filaments containing wood, copper powder, and bamboo fibers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Printing materials and printing conditions can influence the emission of particulate matter. Most filament materials used in entry‐level 3D printers are generally polymers containing additives such as plasticizers, flame retardants, and stabilizers; therefore, harmful pyrolysates are released under high temperatures (near 200°C) during printing 16,17,20,38 . The particle emission levels can differ for the same type of filament with different ingredients and colors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide range of harmful emissions, including gaseous compounds and particulate matter, can reportedly be generated by heating thermoplastic materials, and the emission levels are significantly different for different types of printing materials 6,11‐15 . In particular, a large amount of ultrafine particles (including nanometer‐sized particles) and volatile organic compounds are released as primary emissions under high‐temperature extruder conditions during 3D printing 10,16‐20 . The primary exposure route for the emissions from material extrusion type 3D printers is inhalation, and it is well known that the inhaled particulate matter among the emissions can move from the lungs through the air‐blood barrier to other parts of the body 21 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,[11][12][13][14][15] In particular, a large amount of ultrafine particles (including nanometer-sized particles) and volatile organic compounds are released as primary emissions under high-temperature extruder conditions during 3D printing. 10,[16][17][18][19][20] The primary exposure route for the emissions from material extrusion type 3D printers is inhalation, and it is well known that the inhaled particulate matter among the emissions can move from the lungs through the air-blood barrier to other parts of the body. 21 A number of studies have addressed the hazardous substances emitted during 3D printing, but most have focused on exposure-associated indices, such as airborne concentration and emission rate.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Park

Kwon²,

Yoon

et al. 2020

Indoor Air

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Harmful emissions including particulates, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes are generated during three‐dimensional (3D) printing. Ultrafine particles are particularly important due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. We modeled inhalation exposure by particle size during 3D printing. A total of six thermoplastic filaments were used for printing under manufacturer's recommended conditions, and particle emissions in the size range between 10 nm and 10 μm were measured. The inhalation exposure dose including inhaled and deposited doses was estimated using a mathematical model. For all materials, the number of particles between 10 nm and 1 μm accounted for a large proportion among the released particles, with nano‐sized particles being the dominant size. More than 1.3 × 109 nano‐sized particles/kgbw/g (95.3 ± 104.0 ng/kgbw/g) could be inhaled, and a considerable amount was deposited in respiratory regions. The total deposited dose in terms of particle number was 3.1 × 108 particles/kgbw/g (63.6% of the total inhaled dose), and most (41.3%) were deposited in the alveolar region. The total mass of particles deposited was 19.8 ± 16.6 ng/kgbw/g, with 10.1% of the total mass deposited in the alveolar region. Given our findings, the inhalation exposure level is mainly determined by printing conditions, particularly the filament type and manufacturer‐recommended extruder temperature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Park

Kwon²,

Yoon

et al. 2020

Indoor Air

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“…Por otra parte, cada vez más se tiende a incorporar la impresión 3D como una herramienta de enorme ayuda en los procesos de restauración, al posibilitar la reproducción a escala con procedimientos aditivos de facsímiles exactos de la obra o del objeto, con escasa o nula manipulación de estos y evitando el uso de materiales y productos habituales en las técnicas tradicionales de moldeo que pudieran conllevar interacciones químicas con el original (Cimino et al 2018;Butnariu et al 2013).…”

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Anatomía animal. Técnicas digitales para la reconstrucción escultórica de la apariencia original de un modelo de cera del siglo XIX

2019

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Para esta investigación se ha empleado una combinación de fotogrametría, modelado digital e impresión 3D como apoyo para la puesta en valor de un modelo anatómico animal, escultura de bulto redondo creada en el siglo xix, perteneciente al Museo Veterinario Complutense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ucm) (España), cuya integridad original estaba comprometida como consecuencia de la amputación completa de su cabeza. La ausencia de fragmentos originales y la inexistencia de fuentes documentales, visuales o escritas que justificasen una anastilosis, llevó a plantear una solución alternativa en la que primara el respeto al original como "ruina", a la vez que contribuyera a una mejor comprensión de sus valores funcionales perdidos. Gracias a la metodología utilizada, se minimizó la manipulación de la obra y fue innecesaria la aplicación de sustancias químicas durante la fase de registro. El modelo digital elaborado se ha compartido a través de internet, lo que contribuye a su difusión. Palabras clave ceroplástica; fotogrametría; técnicas digitales; impresión 3D; conservación; siglo xix

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Colorimetric evaluation of 3D printing polymers exposed to accelerated aging for Cultural Heritage applications

Higueras

Montero

Medina

2023

Color Research & Application

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3D printing has become a widespread technology that allows the creation of physical objects from different materials. The conservation and restoration of Cultural Heritage field has recently introduced this technology as a complement to its traditional methods. However, the main concern in the application of 3D printing in this context is the long‐term behavior of the materials used. The key objective of this research was the identification of the suitability of 3D printing filaments for conservation purposes. The methodology followed in this study consisted of a selection of 13 3D printing filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technologies, which were tested and exposed to an accelerated aging procedure. In order to classify and recommend the materials that present better results, the properties of color, the glossiness, the pH and the Volatile Organic Compounds emission were investigated. This paper collects the results of the analyses carried out, focusing discussion on the colorimetric behavior. The results demonstrate the usefulness of some of the materials studied, highlighting the performance of EP as one of the most stable and reliable materials while Flex is one of the most changeable ones in the Cultural Heritage context. Even though this research provides an overview of the aging of the materials studied, further analyses should be performed to understand the chemical composition and its behavior when exposed to a long‐lasting aging process.

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3d printing technologies: are their materials safe for conservation treatments?

Cited by 12 publications

References 5 publications

Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Anatomía animal. Técnicas digitales para la reconstrucción escultórica de la apariencia original de un modelo de cera del siglo XIX

Colorimetric evaluation of 3D printing polymers exposed to accelerated aging for Cultural Heritage applications

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