3D printing of β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics

Translation of three-dimensional printing of ceramics in bone tissue engineering and drug delivery

“…The process is repeated as the printed part is moved to accommodate successive layers. The binding process usually consists of either depositing a liquid bonding agent (i.e., binder jetting), [3][4][5][6] or using a heat beam to activate a thermal-driven binding process (i.e., powder bed fusion) 7 such as full particle melting, partial melting, solid-state sintering or melting a polymeric surface coating previously applied to the powder particles. An alternative and less studied approach uses electrostatic forces to selectively place binder powder particles on a ceramic powder bed (i.e., electrophotographic printing).…”

“…The consolidation of the binder guarantees the structural integrity of the asprinted part utilizing physical processes such as: freeze-drying, 26 where low temperatures and pressures are applied to eliminate solvents; polymer cooling and solidification at room temperature; 22 solvent casting, 27 where solidification is based on evaporation of solvents; or heat-activated cross-linking of polymers. 28 However, chemical processes such as UV-induced cross-linking of polymers 29 or acid-base reactions of ceramic particles 3,30,31 can also be applied. The parts must obtain after printing sufficient structural integrity to guarantee geometrical stability and allow its manipulation.…”

Comparing physicochemical properties of printed and hand cast biocements designed for ligament replacement

“…More recently, it has been shown that by casting cement samples of different morphologies for use in the system, it is possible to significantly improve tissue adhesion 8. Recent studies have used rapid prototyping techniques to develop highly defined three-dimensional (3D) calcium phosphate structures for bone tissue regeneration 9,10. The aim of this study was to characterise 3D calcium phosphate brackets engineered for the purpose of ensuring optimal adhesion between soft and hard tissue in vitro .…”

“…8 Recent studies have used rapid prototyping techniques to develop highly defined three-dimensional calcium phosphate structures for bone tissue regeneration. 9,10 The aim of this study was to characterise 3D calcium phosphate brackets engineered for the purpose of ensuring optimal adhesion between soft and hard tissue in vitro. The resulting samples were characterised with respect to their composition using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction while mechanical properties and microstructures were compared with samples formed using a standard hand-moulding method.…”