3D printing of shape-morphing and antibacterial anisotropic nanocellulose hydrogels

Fourmann, Olivier; Hausmann, Michael; Neels, Antonia; Schubert, Mark; Nyström, Gustav; Zimmermann, Tanja; Siqueira, Gilberto

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117716

Cited by 71 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Q = Sr 2 , where S is the printing speed in mm s −1 ; and n is the power law exponent. Hence, the shear rate at the walls was determined for the different inks, obtaining a printing shear rate range of 30-50 s −1 for all inks, which is a typical value applied during the DIW process [25]. Dog bone shaped samples according to an ISO 527 standard were printed [26].…”

Section: Diw 3d Printing Of Prepared Inksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Ink for Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing

Vadillo

Larraza²,

Calvo‐Correas³

et al. 2021

Materials

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In this work, polycaprolactone–polyethylene glycol (PCL–PEG) based waterborne polyurethane–urea (WBPUU) inks have been developed for an extrusion-based 3D printing technology. The WBPUU, synthesized from an optimized ratio of hydrophobic polycaprolactone diol and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (0.2:0.8) in the soft segment, is able to form a physical gel at low solid contents. WBPUU inks with different solid contents have been synthesized. The rheology of the prepared systems was studied and the WBPUUs were subsequently used in the printing of different pieces to demonstrate the relationship between their rheological properties and their printing viability, establishing an optimal window of compositions for the developed WBPUU based inks. The results showed that the increase in solid content results in more structured inks, presenting a higher storage modulus as well as lower tan δ values, allowing for the improvement of the ink’s shape fidelity. However, an increase in solid content also leads to an increase in the yield point and viscosity, leading to printability limitations. From among all printable systems, the WBPUU with a solid content of 32 wt% is proposed to be the more suitable ink for a successful printing performance, presenting both adequate printability and good shape fidelity, which leads to the realization of a recognizable and accurate 3D construct and an understanding of its relationship with rheological parameters.

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Section: Diw 3d Printing Of Prepared Inksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Ink for Direct Ink Writing 3D Printing

Vadillo

Larraza²,

Calvo‐Correas³

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…In a recent example, the manufacturing of stable structures with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) involved: (1) obtaining homogenous dispersion of CNC hydrogel ink by mixing, (2) printing cellulose scaffolds by aligning the anisotropic CNC upon printing, and (3) UV curing of the printed scaffold ( Figure 4 ) [ 53 ]. CNC was used in this example as a reinforcing agent (up to 35%), while CNF was added at a lower concentration (1%) to enhance shape retention.…”

Section: Nanocellulose: Preparation Treatment Functionality and 3d Printabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Curing was achieved under UV exposure conditions. It was observed that nanocellulose was able to constrain the swelling and shrinkage of the PNIPAM structures, enabling the production of shape-morphing nanocellulose-based composites through direct ink writing [ 53 ].…”

Section: Nanocellulose: Preparation Treatment Functionality and 3d Printabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though 3D-printable nanocellulose-based composites are still in their infancy, there has been an increase in their applications in different fields ranging from biomedicine, including wound dressing, drug release, and tissue engineering, sensors, food, and packaging, to energy storage and electronics, with growing interest in other areas as well [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ], summarized in Figure 6 . This section discusses the recent development in 3D-printed nanocellulose-based composites for food, environmental, food packaging, energy, and electrochemical applications.…”

Section: Applications Of 3d-printed Nanocellulose-based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Illustration of the steps involved in the preparation of 3D-printed functional CNC-based hydrogels, involving: ( A ) ink formulation, ( B ) ink writing of cellulose-based polymer ink, ( C ) post-treatment to cure the printed construct, and ( D ) ( i – v ) characteristics of inks and printed constructs, reprinted from ref. [ 53 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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3D-Printable Nanocellulose-Based Functional Materials: Fundamentals and Applications

2021

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Nanomaterials obtained from sustainable and natural sources have seen tremendous growth in recent times due to increasing interest in utilizing readily and widely available resources. Nanocellulose materials extracted from renewable biomasses hold great promise for increasing the sustainability of conventional materials in various applications owing to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, ease of functionalization, and high abundance. Nanocellulose can be used to reinforce mechanical strength, impart antimicrobial activity, provide lighter, biodegradable, and more robust materials for packaging, and produce photochromic and electrochromic devices. While the fabrication and properties of nanocellulose are generally well established, their implementation in novel products and applications requires surface modification, assembly, and manufacturability to enable rapid tooling and scalable production. Additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing can improve functionality and enhance the ability to customize products while reducing fabrication time and wastage of materials. This review article provides an overview of nanocellulose as a sustainable material, covering the different properties, preparation methods, printability and strategies to functionalize nanocellulose into 3D-printed constructs. The applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose composites in food, environmental, and energy devices are outlined, and an overview of challenges and opportunities is provided.

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