3D-printing of integrated spheres as a superior support of phosphotungstic acid for deep oxidative desulfurization of fuel

Carbon-Based Materials for Oxidative Desulfurization and Denitrogenation of Fuels: A Review

“…Other authors have also pointed out the high surface area and related high dispersion as relevant contributions of carbonaceous structures to the catalytic activity [92][93][94][95][96]. In contrast, the agglomeration of active centers was linked to a decrease in catalytic activity [97].…”

“…One of the reasons for the high activity of the materials (conversions higher than 85% in 75 min of reaction) was attributed to the high surface area of the 3D-carbon structure, which resulted in a fast mass transfer to the active sites confined within the structure [99]. Zhu et al (2020) also have observed that the 3D structure of carbon spheres (3D-CS) is beneficial to an increased mass transfer during oxidative desulfurization [97]. Bhadra et al (2017) also highlighted a fast mass transfer resultant from mesoporosity of the catalyst as an important contributor to the high activity of a TiO 2 -C in ODS of a simulated fuel (Th, BT, DBT or 4,6-DMDBT in n-octane, [S] 0 = 1000 ppm) [92].…”

Fast, non-extractive, and ultradeep desulfurization of diesel in an oscillatory baffled reactor

“…They used acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in a batch reactor. They found that ODS reaction is limited by the speed of rotation i.e the mass transfer within the reaction volume and low conversion of 58% was achieved by applying a stirring rate of 750 rpm, the long reaction time of 90 min, and 60 0 C. Jie et al (Zhu et al, 2020) constructed 3D catalysts with the integral structure for oxidative desulfurization of DBT, 4-MDBT, and 4, 6-DMDBT in dodecane using H2O2/acetic acid in a batch catalytic process. They achieved almost 100% conversion with an initial sulfur content of 200 ppm.…”

Desulfurization Kinetics and Regeneration of Silica Gel-Supported TiO2 Extrudates for Reactive Adsorptive Desulfurization of Real Diesel

“…It is known that the majority of organic sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans, sulfides, and disulfides, can be effectively removed by hydrodesulfurization (HDS), which becomes less efficient for refractory thiophenic compounds, like heterocyclic benzothiophenes (BTs), dibenzothiophenes (DBTs), and their alkylated derivatives. − The removal of BTs and DBTs with strong steric hindrance and stable electronic properties requires larger reactors and higher energy consumption via the HDS process. − Therefore, alternative nonhydrotreating technologies, including oxidative desulfurization (ODS), adsorptive desulfurization (ADS), extractive desulfurization (EDS), , and biological desulfurization (BDS), have been developed in recent years to remove refractory sulfides (BTs and DBTs) for ultradeep desulfurization. With the advantages of highly selective adsorption of refractory organosulfur compounds at low concentrations under ambient conditions, ADS is considered as a prospective technology to produce ultraclean diesel fuel, where the adsorbent plays a critical role.…”