3D printing of fully cellulose-based hydrogels by digital light processing

The Art of Building Living Tissues: Exploring the Frontiers of Biofabrication with 3D Bioprinting

“…Besides, they can also be functionalized through various surface treatments and chemical modifications . Therefore, NMs have been used as bioreactive inorganic fillers (BIFs) to form hybrid/composite bioinks/hydrogels for 3DbioP live constructs. , Recently, bioink formulations based on nanoengineered ionic–covalent entanglement (NICE) have been used in 3DbioP of advanced cell-laden 3D structures with superior printability, high elasticity, and mechanical strength. In brief, the NICE bioink formulation uses nanosilicates to form an ionic–covalent entanglement (ICE) hydrogel containing GelMA and κ-carrageenan (κ-CA) .…”

Methacrylated Cellulose Nanocrystals as Fillers for the Development of Photo-Cross-Linkable Cytocompatible Biosourced Formulations Targeting 3D Printing

“…An increase in the hydrogel diameter, corresponding to x and y directions, was observed for irradiation times higher than 30 s in the presence of CNCs or mCNCs (Supporting Information, Figure S9), as observed by Cafiso et al 36 However, it has to be noted that negligible particle scattering and good in-plane dimensional control are achieved by keeping the UV irradiation time below 30 s. Overall, formulations containing CNCs or mCNCs allowed for achieving better resolutions in all three spatial directions (x, y, z), as shown by the more precise design of the cross-linked hydrogels illustrated in Figure 5a. This result could primarily be linked to the greater stiffness induced by the presence of CNCs and mCNCs, in contrast to F 0 after 45 s of exposure.…”

“…Obviously, the same evolution as with the cross-linking ratio was observed with CNC integration in the mCMC formulation and with their concentration (Table 2 and Figure 6a). In their work, Cafiso et al 36 showed that the cross-linked methacrylate density increased with the addition of either CNC or mCNC by considering the G′ modulus value obtained at the plateau of RT-rheology measurements. The increase in cross-linked methacrylate density with mCNC was explained by their covalent participation in the network.…”

“…35 In the present paper, the introduction of CNCs into photocross-linkable and printable mCMC formulations has been studied to limit the UV-light transmission in the formulations during insolation, but also to improve the mechanical properties of the final hydrogels. Cellulose nanorods were either used as-prepared after acid hydrolysis, or in the form of methacrylated nanocrystals (mCNCs) as previously described by Cafiso et al 36 Several methods of methacrylation of CNCs have been reported in the last past years, 37−39 in particular through the reaction with methacrylic anhydride (MA) in organic solvents. 40−43 In the present work, to avoid the use of such solvents, CNCs were methacrylated with MA in aqueous medium using the same conditions as we recently reported for the methacrylation of CMC.…”

Photocurable Thiol–yne Alginate Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine Purposes

“…Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic polymer networks that are able to absorb and retain a large amount of water without dissolving or losing their characteristic resistance properties [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Since Wichterle and Lim provided this definition and proved their use in ophthalmology [ 8 ], their application has expanded to cover a wide range of fields such as agriculture [ 9 , 10 ], sensors [ 11 , 12 ], and water-treatment solutions [ 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”