3D Printing of Calcium Phosphate Ceramics for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

Abstract

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has emerged over the past 3 decades as a disruptive technology for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. Vat polymerization, powder bed fusion, material extrusion, and binder jetting are distinct technologies of additive manufacturing, which have been used in a wide variety of fields, including biomedical research and tissue engineering. The ability to print biocompatible, patient-specific geometries with controlled macro- and micropores, and to incorporate cells, drugs and proteins has made 3D-printing ideal for orthopaedic applications, such as bone grafting. Herein, we performed a systematic review examining the fabrication of calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics by 3D printing, their biocompatibility in vitro, and their bone regenerative potential in vivo, as well as their use in localized delivery of bioactive molecules or cells. Understanding the advantages and limitations of the different 3D printing approaches, CaP materials, and bioactive additives through critical evaluation of in vitro and in vivo evidence of efficacy is essential for developing new classes of bone graft substitutes that can perform as well as autografts and allografts or even surpass the performance of these clinical standards.

The fracture properties of metal‐ceramic composites manufactured via stereolithography

“…1 Based on this growth, novel AM materials have been developed and used in niche applications in several industrial sectors. 4,[10][11][12] Indeed, binder jetting is a promising process for manufacturing 3D printed ceramic systems; however, the production of dense ceramic parts seems to be a challenging issue due to the need of a homogeneous particle size distribution and the removal of the binder, which can cause defects in the assembled parts, resulting in mechanical property debits. 4,[10][11][12] Indeed, binder jetting is a promising process for manufacturing 3D printed ceramic systems; however, the production of dense ceramic parts seems to be a challenging issue due to the need of a homogeneous particle size distribution and the removal of the binder, which can cause defects in the assembled parts, resulting in mechanical property debits.…”

Effect of bone sialoprotein coated three‐dimensional printed calcium phosphate scaffolds on primary human osteoblasts

“…Degradability of CDHA is almost identical to that of beta‐tricalcium phosphate, but it showed to have a better cell seeding efficacy, possibly due to its higher specific surface area . Technical advances in the technique of rapid prototyping (RP) 3D plotting now allow low‐temperature manufacturing of CDHA scaffolds . These scaffolds could be adapted to the shape of any given structural defect of bone.…”

Biomaterials for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration

“…Extrusion 3D printers/bioprinters have been the most relevant for bone augmentation research because, compared to other printers, they allow rapid fabrication of the larger scale constructs required for clinically relevant tissue constructs. Moreover, depending on the materials and hardware characteristics, extrusion 3D printers can be tailored to dispense a wide range of materials that have proven osteoinductive capacity, including CaP injectable pastes, ceramic bases, cell-laden hydrogels, and other types of FDA approved medical grade polymers, such as polycaprolactone (PCL) [137–142]. …”