3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review

Mahmood, Muhammad Arif

doi:10.3390/compounds1030009

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 162 publications

(167 reference statements)

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“…This method is extrusion-based, where thermoplastic polymers in the form of filaments are wound on spools and are fed to the printer’s nozzle, where, after heating and melting, are subsequently selectively distributed layer-by-layer in accordance with the outline of the geometric model previously processed by the 3D-printing software ( Chart 2 ) [ 40 , 41 ]. The characteristic of printing depends on the material’s dropping pressure, size of the nozzle, as well as the rate of feeding [ 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Methods Of 3d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

et al. 2022

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The high cost of biofabricated titanium mesh plates can make them out of reach for hospitals in low-income countries. To increase the availability of cranioplasty, the authors of this work investigated the production of polymer-based endoprostheses. Recently, cheap, popular desktop 3D printers have generated sufficient opportunities to provide patients with on-demand and on-site help. This study also examines the technologies of 3D printing, including SLM, SLS, FFF, DLP, and SLA. The authors focused their interest on the materials in fabrication, which include PLA, ABS, PET-G, PEEK, and PMMA. Three-dimensional printed prostheses are modeled using widely available CAD software with the help of patient-specific DICOM files. Even though the topic is insufficiently researched, it can be perceived as a relatively safe procedure with a minimal complication rate. There have also been some initial studies on the costs and legal regulations. Early case studies provide information on dozens of patients living with self-made prostheses and who are experiencing significant improvements in their quality of life. Budget 3D-printed endoprostheses are reliable and are reported to be significantly cheaper than the popular counterparts manufactured from polypropylene polyester.

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Section: Methods Of 3d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

et al. 2022

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“…One of the most common polymers is poly (vinyl alcohol), also designated as PVAL, which has good solubility in water but not in ethanol nor in various organic diluents. PVAL can be used to produce polymeric multiple-layered material for 3D printing through IP technique, and by varying the molecular weight of PVAL, it is possible to generate specific viscosity rates in combination with 3D models[ 26 ].…”

Section: Materials For 3d Printing In Pharmaceutical Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some examples of hydrogels used in drug delivery include alginates, fibrins, gelatine, and polyacrylamide[ 30 ]. Of these, one of the most cost-effective biomaterials is gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA)[ 26 ]. In fact, gelatines have particular attributes for drug delivery applications, which include higher drug encapsulation efficiency, stable carrier and drug complexation, fewer side effects, lower systemic cytotoxicity, reduced immunogenicity, and prolonged circulatory time[ 31 ].…”

Section: Materials For 3d Printing In Pharmaceutical Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies for Drug Delivery Applications: Processes, Materials, and Effects

Mancilla-De-la-Cruz¹,

Rodríguez-Salvador²,

An³

et al. 2022

IJB

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Since the 1930s, new methods of drug delivery, such as implantable devices with drug release control, have been developed. However, manufacturing techniques require bulk due to high initial production costs. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping, allows the fabrication of personalized drug delivery that uses different materials and complex geometries with multiple release profiles, thereby eradicating high initial costs. Different studies have been developed showing the extensive potential of 3D printing for the pharmaceutical industry, and despite in-depth discussions that have been published, there is no comprehensive review of processes, materials, and effects in drug delivery applications thus far. This review aims to fill this gap by presenting the use of 3D printing technology for drug delivery, exposing the different variations of the technique according to the characteristics, material, and dosage form sought. There are seven main categories of 3D printing according to the standards jointly developed by International Organization for Standardization and American Society for Testing and Materials: material jetting, binder jetting, material extrusion, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, sheet lamination, and directed energy deposition. There are different 3D fabrication processes used for drug delivery applications depending on the dosage form and material applied. In this context, polymers, glasses, and hydrogels represent the most frequent materials used. 3D printing allows different forms of drug dosage. Oral, topical, rectal and vaginal, parental and implantable are discussed in this paper, presenting the identification of the type of 3D printing technology, the active pharmaceutical ingredient, formulation, and pharmaceutical effect. The main aim of this paper is to offer insights to people from academy and industry who are interested in the advancement of drug delivery and in knowing the future directions in the development of 3D printing applications in this area.

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“…The additive manufacturing (AM) process can produce three-dimensional (3D) parts, by utilizing layer-upon-layer technique, via a computer-aided design (CAD) model [ 1 ]. AM has been successfully applied in medical [ 2 , 3 ], aerospace [ 4 ], automotive [ 5 ], and various industrial applications [ 6 ]. The Hall–Petch relationship identifies that the material’s active strength depends on the grain size such that strength elevated by decreasing the average grain size [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Cobalt–Chromium Alloy Multi-Layer Mesoscopic Analytical Modelling with Experimental Correlations: From Micro-Dendrite Grains to Bulk Objects

et al. 2022

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This study presents two analytical models for the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. To begin, the single layer’s dimensions were measured using principal operating conditions, including laser power, laser scanning speed, powder layer thickness, and hatch distance. The single-layer printing dimensions were transformed into multi-layer printing using the hatch distance. The thermal history of the printed layers was used as an input to the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami-Kolmogorov model to estimate the average dendrite grain size. LPBF experiments were conducted for a Cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloy to validate the developed model. The average dendrite grain size was estimated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with “Image J” software. The Vickers hardness test was performed to correlate the average dendrite grain size and operating conditions. A 10–15% mean absolute deviation was presented between experiments and simulation results. In all samples, a Co-based γ-FCC structure was identified. An inverse correlation was established between the laser power and smaller average dendrite grain, while a direct relationship has been determined between laser scanning speed and average dendrite grain size. A similar trend was identified between hatch distance and average dendrite grain size. A direct link has been determined between the average dendrite grain size and hardness value. Furthermore, a direct relationship has connected the laser volume energy density and hardness value. This study will help experimentalists to design operating conditions based on the required grain size and corresponding mechanical characteristics.

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3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review

Cited by 24 publications

References 162 publications

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

Low-Cost Cranioplasty—A Systematic Review of 3D Printing in Medicine

Three-Dimensional Printing Technologies for Drug Delivery Applications: Processes, Materials, and Effects

Advances in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Cobalt–Chromium Alloy Multi-Layer Mesoscopic Analytical Modelling with Experimental Correlations: From Micro-Dendrite Grains to Bulk Objects

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