2016
DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22469
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3D printing‐assisted fabrication of double‐layered optical tissue phantoms for laser tattoo treatments

Abstract: The 3D printing technique was able to reliably fabricate the double-layered phantoms emulating a variety of skin types (I-VI) along with the comparable optical and mechanical properties. Further investigations will incorporate artificial chromophores into the fabricated skin phantoms to reliably evaluate the new therapeutic wavelengths for laser tattoo removal.

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Cited by 10 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…Although their magnitudes are on the higher end, they still fall within the range of established values. Further comparisons can be seen in Figure S2, where the absorption coefficient of this OTP is compared with other epidermal OTPs from the literature. The values of this work are comparable to that of other publications, with a moderate bias toward OTPs with higher degrees of pigmentation. Thus, although the absorption coefficient values of the epidermis OTP are reasonable, they may be better suited for modeling the absorption coefficients of darker pigmented skin tones rather than those of lighter skin.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 74%
“…Although their magnitudes are on the higher end, they still fall within the range of established values. Further comparisons can be seen in Figure S2, where the absorption coefficient of this OTP is compared with other epidermal OTPs from the literature. The values of this work are comparable to that of other publications, with a moderate bias toward OTPs with higher degrees of pigmentation. Thus, although the absorption coefficient values of the epidermis OTP are reasonable, they may be better suited for modeling the absorption coefficients of darker pigmented skin tones rather than those of lighter skin.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 74%
“…Extrusion printing was also used by Kim et al to produce artificial skin phantoms mimicking human skin as catalogued by color and tone (Fitzpatrick skin types I–VI) in order to match the corresponding optical and mechanical properties in laser tattoo removal applications . Epidermal‐dermal phantoms were printed using gelatin and agar with different concentrations of coffee and TiO 2 added to mimic the melanin variations responsible for skin color and tone.…”
Section: Advanced Tissue Engineering Approaches To Regenerate Skinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bilayered scaffolds were designed to match the thicknesses of epidermis and dermis, 150 µm and 1 mm, respectively. The resins were successfully extruded into 30 µm thick layers, producing overall a 138 µm thick epidermis and 810 µm thick dermis with optical properties emulating various tones of the human skin . This addresses an important aspect of skin tissue engineering regarding the complete recapitulation of native skin pigments and texture which is discussed further in the clinical section.…”
Section: Advanced Tissue Engineering Approaches To Regenerate Skinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Kim et al applied a combination of gelatin and agar with extrusion printing to create skin substitutes for the treatment of laser tattoo removal. 53 Multiple skin types were emulated, with varying colors and light absorption, to accommodate multiple different skin types. For all types, constructs were determined to be of 138.5 -0.1 lm and 0.81 -0.04 mm thickness for the epidermis and dermis, respectively, which is relatively low, but within the range of native human skin.…”
Section: Skin Printingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For all types, constructs were determined to be of 138.5 -0.1 lm and 0.81 -0.04 mm thickness for the epidermis and dermis, respectively, which is relatively low, but within the range of native human skin. 53 Cubo et al printed a skin construct with a dermal layer consisting of human dermal fibroblasts, CaCl 2 , and human plasma. 2 Interestingly, the authors applied a printing technique whereby the ink is mixed during the printing process.…”
Section: Skin Printingmentioning
confidence: 99%