3D Printing as a Technological Strategy for the Personalized Treatment of Wound Healing

Abstract

Wound healing is a dynamic process which involves stages of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. Any error in this process results in abnormal wound healing, generating financial burdens for health systems and even affecting the physical and mental health of the patient. Traditional dressings do not meet the complexities of ideal treatment in all types of wounds. For this reason, in the last decades, different materials for drug delivery and for the treatment of wounds have been proposed reaching novel level of standards, such as 3D printing techniques. The use of natural or synthetic polymers, and the correct design of these printed products loaded with cells and/or combined with active compounds, can generate an effective system for the treatment of wounds, improving the healing process and generating customized dressings according to the patient needs. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of different types of 3D printing techniques, as well as its use in wound healing and its different stages, including the advantages and limitations of additive manufacturing and future perspectives. Graphical abstract

3D Bioprinting and Its Role in a Wound Healing Renaissance

“…The ISO/TC 261 Secretariat is seeking to standardize processes for numerous methods of additive manufacturing. [ 17,174 ] As of 2023, it has published 27 published standards under the umbrella of additive manufacturing, including ISO/ASTM 52903‐1:20202, concerning extrusion‐based methods of additive manufacturing using plastics. [ 174 ]…”

“…Hypodermis [ 20,29] • Adipocytes • Subcutaneous fat layer • Nerves • Blood vessels • Collagen Type 1 Fibers • Fatty tissue healing, 3D bioprinting's versatility represents potential to create wound care treatments that greatly improve the quality of care for injured patients. [12,17] Though an artificial skin construct that completely mimics native human skin has yet to be created, a more in-depth look at skins internal structure can prove useful in the context of creating an effective wound treatment utilizing 3D bioprinting. [9] The skin is composed of an outer epidermis, the dermis, and an inner hypodermis.…”

“…The ISO/TC 261 Secretariat is seeking to standardize processes for numerous methods of additive manufacturing. [17,174] As of 2023, it has published 27 published standards under the umbrella of additive manufacturing, including ISO/ASTM 52903-1:20202, concerning extrusion-based methods of additive manufacturing using plastics. [174] Products meant for wound care, such as artificial skin constructs that contain biological components and/or live cells, fall under the governance of several regulations in the United States.…”

“…[175,177] The wealth of materials, cells, molecular additives, and modes of bioprinting currently being utilized in independent research makes regulating 3D bioprinting for clinical and industrial applications a complex task. [17,175] Much progress still needs to be made to realize the ultimate goal of providing safe, effective, and therapeutic 3D bioprinted products to patients on a large scale. [17]…”

“…[17,175] Much progress still needs to be made to realize the ultimate goal of providing safe, effective, and therapeutic 3D bioprinted products to patients on a large scale. [17]…”