3D printing and characterization of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and methylcellulose for biodegradable support structures

Polamaplly, Prashant; Cheng, Yiliang; Shi, Xiaolei; Manikandan, Karthick; Zhang, Xiao; Kremer, Gül E.; Qin, Hantang

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.013

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As shown in Figure 2A, the apparent viscosity of all the materials decreased as the shear rate increased, which means the materials behave as shear-thinning fluids (Polamaplly et al, 2019). The property of shear stress-dependent viscosity makes the HPMC gel printable through the extrusion-based printer once the applied stress exceeds the yield stress.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Meanwhile, the filament diameter during the printing process also decreased as HPMC hydrogel concentration increased, which also enhanced the resolution of printed objects and inhibited the extrude swell or die swell phenomenon (Cloitre et al, 1998;Polamaplly et al, 2019). Polamaplly et al (2019) indicated that the decreasing shape fidelity factor of printed filaments attributed to an increase in the storage modulus of materials. The 12% w/v HPMC hydrogel showed the highest G' value, which should exhibit the lowest shape fidelity factor correspondingly, i.e., the printed filaments could stack up in layers without sagging or deformation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Because the increased content of HPMC polymer brings more available interaction sites to form hydrogen bonding which led to resolution improvement (Wilson et al, 2017). Meanwhile, the filament diameter during the printing process also decreased as HPMC hydrogel concentration increased, which also enhanced the resolution of printed objects and inhibited the extrude swell or die swell phenomenon (Cloitre et al, 1998;Polamaplly et al, 2019). Polamaplly et al (2019) indicated that the decreasing shape fidelity factor of printed filaments attributed to an increase in the storage modulus of materials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a thermoplastic polymer, PLA material requires a high printing temperature (180-200 • C) to become printable and achieves desirable quality (Valerga et al, 2018). But the previous study demonstrated that the cellulose-based hydrogel could be printable under ambient process temperature and showed excellent shape retention ability (Polamaplly et al, 2019). Besides, cellulose-based polymers showed high degradability and dissolubility due to the behavior of hydrolytic degradation in cold water (Luo et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To fill in the knowledge gap, we hypothesize the HPMC hydrogels can be 3D printed to provide mechanical support to the main structure, and then easily removed without a negative effect on the main structure quality. Our previous study indicated that the hydrogels made from HPMC K4M showed rheological properties that are suitable for 3D printing, and the printed filaments can be dissolved by water (Polamaplly et al, 2019). The aim of this paper is to investigate the viscoelastic properties and mechanical strength of HPMC K4M hydrogels with different concentrations and explore the potential of using HPMC as supportive material in the application of 3D printing technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Printability of a Cellulose Derivative for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: The Application on a Biodegradable Support Material

et al. 2020

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Support material plays a leading role in the application of 3D printing to avoid deformation and enhance stability. This study aimed to fabricate the support structure by using hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), which has advantages over conventional material such as low cost, low printable temperature, and high biodegradability. Once dissolved in water over gelling temperature, the HPMC based hydrogel exhibited shearthinning behavior with decreasing apparent viscosity values at higher shear rates. The shear-dependent viscosity makes the HPMC hydrogel extrudable throughout the printing process and the printed structure stable enough without deformation. As concentration increased, apparent viscosity, and storage modulus both subsequently increased. These rheological properties indicated that the concentration of HPMC K4M hydrogel significantly influenced the printability and shape retention ability, which is associated with the mechanical strength of printed filaments. The highest concentration, 12% w/v, should have the best ability to hold the printed shape over time due to the highest G' and lowest loss tangent. The printability test also showed that K4M 12% w/v could be printed into different fill density (100, 75, and 50%) with different patterns, i.e., rectilinear and Hilbert curve. The selection of fill density and pattern both have an effect on surface roughness and porosity. The printed support material was compatible with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), which is the material to fabricate the main structure for 3D printing. The support material made of HPMC can be easily removed by peeling off from the main structure without visible residual.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Printability of a Cellulose Derivative for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: The Application on a Biodegradable Support Material

et al. 2020

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Development of methylcellulose‐based sustained‐release dosage by semisolid extrusion additive manufacturing in drug delivery system

et al. 2020

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The objective of this study is to fabricate customized dosage forms using extrusionbased 3D printing for the sustained delivery of theophylline. The therapeutic paste was prepared by combining various doses of theophylline (0, 75, 100, and 125 mg) with different concentrations of methylcellulose (MC) A4M (8, 10, and 12%). The paste was then 3D printed into semisolid tablets under optimized printing conditions. The rheological properties of printing pastes were related to the 3D printability. Our results indicated that to be 3D printed using the current platform, the storage modulus (G 0) of the printing paste should be higher than the loss modulus (G 00) during the frequency sweep (0.1-600 rad/s), and the tan δ should fall in the range of 0.25-0.27 at 0.63 rad/s. The printed tablets formulated with 10% MC showed the highest overall quality, considering the aspects of resolution, texture, and shape retention regardless of the dosage. The scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the cross-linked structure of MC A4M formed the microscale porous microstructure, which has the potential to embed the theophylline, thus delayed the release through the barrier effect. The in vitro dissolution test revealed that the 3D printed tablets exhibited a sustained release during the first 12 hr. The findings in this study will support the development of customized, personalized medicine with improved efficacy.

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In situ monitoring of direct energy deposition via structured light system and its application in remanufacturing industry

Zhang

Shen

Suresh

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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The Direct Energy Deposition (DED) process utilizes laser energy to melt metal powders and deposit them on the substrate layer to manufacture complex metal parts. This study was applied as a remanufacturing and repair process to fix used parts, which reduced unnecessary waste in the manufacturing industry. However, there could be defects generated during the repair, such as porosity or bumpy morphological defects. Traditionally the operator would use a design of experiment (DOE) or simulation method to understand the printing parameters' influence on the printed part. There are several influential factors: laser power, scanning speed, powder feeding rate, and standoff distance. Each DED machine has a different setup in practice, which results in some uncertainties for the printing results. For example, the nozzle diameter and laser type could be varied in different DED machines. Thus, it was hypothesized that a repair could be more effective if the printing process could be monitored in real-time. In this study, a structured light system (SLS) was used to capture the printing process's layer-wise information. The SLS system is capable of performing 3D surface scanning with a high-resolution of 10 µm. To determine how much material needs to be deposited, given the initial scanning of the part and allowing the realtime observation of each layer's information. Once a defect was found in-situ, the DED machine (hybrid machine) would change the tool and remove the flawed layer. After the repair, the nondestructive approach computed tomography (CT) was applied to examine its interior features. In this research, a DED machine using 316L stainless steel was used to perform the repairing process to demonstrate its effectiveness. The lab-built SLS system was used to capture each layer's information, and CT data was provided for the quality evaluation. The novel manufacturing approach could improve the DED repair quality, reduce the repair time, and promote repair automation. In the future, it has a great potential to be used in the manufacturing industry to repair used parts and avoid the extra cost involved in buying a new part.

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3D printing and characterization of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and methylcellulose for biodegradable support structures

Cited by 30 publications

References 18 publications

Printability of a Cellulose Derivative for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: The Application on a Biodegradable Support Material

Printability of a Cellulose Derivative for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing: The Application on a Biodegradable Support Material

Development of methylcellulose‐based sustained‐release dosage by semisolid extrusion additive manufacturing in drug delivery system

In situ monitoring of direct energy deposition via structured light system and its application in remanufacturing industry

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