3D-printed β-TCP bone tissue engineering scaffolds: Effects of chemistry on in vivo biological properties in a rabbit tibia model

Abstract

In this study the effects of 3D printed SiO2 and ZnO doped tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds with interconnected pores were evaluated on the in vivo bone formation and healing properties of a rabbit tibial defect model. Pure and doped TCP scaffolds were fabricated by a ceramic powder-based 3D printing technique and implanted into critical sized rabbit tibial defects for up to 4 months. In vivo bone regeneration was evaluated using chronological radiological examination, histological evaluations, SEM micrographs and fluorochrome labeling studies. Radiograph results showed that Si/Zn doped samples had slower degradation kinetics than the pure TCP samples. 3D printing of TCP scaffolds improved bone formation. The addition of dopants in the TCP scaffolds improved osteogenic capabilities when compared to the pure scaffolds. In summary, our findings indicate that addition of dopants to the TCP scaffolds enhanced bone formation and in turn leading to accelerated healing.

<p>Advancements and frontiers in nano-based 3D and 4D scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering</p>

“…This technology is further subdivided into fused deposition modeling, powder-based printing (3DP), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering, and robocasting 132. In general, inkjets and microextrusion are used for the 3D printing of scaffolds, whereas extrusion-based 3D printing is used for bone 133,134Figure 5The 3D printing of a scaffold and its surface functionalization with active biological molecules to increase scaffold bioactivity: BCP conjugated with protein immobilized on a PCL 3D printed scaffold. Abbreviations: AAL, L-Alanine; BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate; Hep, heparin; IM, immobilized; MES, 2-( N -morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid; PCL, poly ( ∂>+ -caprolactone).…”

Treating mouse skull defects with 3D‐printed fatty acid and tricalcium phosphate implants

“…3D‐printed bone implants have been the subject of many studies over the past 2 decades (Diao et al, 2018; Donate et al, 2019; Ishack, Mediero, Wilder, Ricci, & Cronstein, 2017; Komlev et al, 2015; Nandi, Fielding, Banerjee, Bandyopadhyay, & Bose, 2018; Tarafder, Davies, Bandyopadhyay, & Bose, 2013; Wen et al, 2017; Zhang, Yang, Johnson, & Jia, 2019), and many of these have investigated 3D printed TCP implants often with good results in vivo . The advantage of the method used to generate such implants in the present study is that the fatty acid‐based 3D printing method is ideal for delivering large TCP implants under time pressure as the inks are easily and rapidly formulated and can be stored prior to use.…”

The Regenerative Applicability of Bioactive Glass and Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Transformation Perspective

“…Moreover, pore diameters of 100 µm to 1000 µm enhance blood flow, bone ingrowth, and mechanical stability of the substrate [79]. Scaffolds with similar porous properties can be generated that are made of β-TCP-ion doped matrices [80], Polyacrolactone/β-TCP scaffold [81]. Other factors that influence porosity include material chemistry, fabrication, temperature, and chemical bonds formed between the constituent materials making up the scaffold.…”