3D Printed Metamaterial Capacitive Sensing Array for Universal Jamming Gripper and Human Joint Wearables

Loh, Leon Yeong Wei; Gupta, Ujjaval; Wang, Yingxi; Foo, Chuan-Sheng; Zhu, Jian; Lu, Wen Feng

doi:10.1002/adem.202001082

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…A commercially available conductive filament known as Palmiga PI–ETPU (TPU/CB filament) was successfully used in the production of a 3D printed sensor array. [ 217 ] Joao et al [ 218 ] also investigated this filament to develop an electrode that was able to detect copper ions in ethanol using a method known as square‐wave anodic‐stripping voltammetry (SWASV). In this specific example, CB was leveraged to transport electrons through the 3D printed electrode, which enabled electroplating of copper ions onto the electrode.…”

Section: Carbonaceous Fillersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Simunec¹,

Sola²

2022

Adv Eng Mater

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The progress of Industry 4.0 and the advancement of robotic design are revealing a significant gap in the capabilities of current manufacturing techniques and the selection of materials that are available in electronics. Present‐day electrical systems largely rely on metals, but there is a driving need to develop new electrically conductive objects with a wide range of material properties, including expanded flexibility and softness, and with increasingly complex geometries. Electrically conductive composites can replace traditional metal‐based systems. In particular, thermoplastic composites become electrically conductive with the incorporation of conductive fillers or polymers while retaining to a large extent the processability of the thermoplastic matrix. This is where fused filament fabrication (FFF), an additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of processing a variety of thermoplastic‐matrix feedstock materials, can be leveraged to create electrically conductive objects with new functionalities. While there is an increasing number of publications describing the FFF of electrical objects such as sensors and circuits, there is no comprehensive review outlining the functioning mechanisms, drawbacks, and advantages of FFF as applied to conductive materials. The present review fills this lacuna by offering a critical analysis of the specific challenges and solutions to promote FFF of electrically conductive polymers and composites.

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Section: Carbonaceous Fillersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Simunec¹,

Sola²

2022

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Negative permeability, permittivity and refractive index are some exclusive properties of the metamaterial that can be used for various applications in communication systems of microwave frequencies. Antenna performance improvement 1 – 3 , radiation reduction 4 , 5 , design of absorber 6 , 7 , sensors 8 , 9 , high-frequency communications 10 , 11 , solar energy harvesting 12 , 13 , electromagnetic shielding 14 , metamaterial lenses 15 , etc. are some prominent applications of the metamaterial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gap coupled symmetric split ring resonator based near zero index ENG metamaterial for gain improvement of monopole antenna

Moniruzzaman

Islam

Samsuzzaman

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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In this article, a symmetric split ring resonator (SRR) based metamaterial (MTM) is presented that exhibits three resonances of transmission coefficient (S21) covering S, C, and X-bands with epsilon negative (ENG) and near zero index properties. The proposed MTM is designed on an FR4 substrate with the copper resonator at one side formed with two square rings and one circular split ring. The two square rings are coupled together around the split gap of the outer ring, whereas two split semicircles are also coupled together near the split gaps. Thus, gap coupled symmetric SRR is formed, which helps to obtain resonances at 2.78 GHz, 7.7 GHz and 10.16 GHz with desired properties of the MTM unit cell. The MTM unit cell's symmetric nature helps reduce the mutual coupling effect among the array elements. Thus, different array of unit cells provides a similar response to the unit cell compared with numerical simulation performed in CST microwave studio and validated by measurement. The equivalent circuit is modelled for the proposed MTM unit cell in Advanced Design System (ADS) software, and circuit validation is accomplished by comparing S21 obtained in ADS with the same of CST. The effective medium ratio (EMR) of 10.7 indicates the compactness of the proposed MTM. A test antenna is designed to observe the effect of the MTM over it. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed MTM have an impact on the antenna when it is used as the superstrate and helps to increase the gain of the antenna by 95% with increased directivity. Thus, compact size, high EMR, negative permittivity, near zero permeability and refractive index makes this MTM suitable for S, C and X band applications, especially for antenna gain with directivity enhancement.

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“…Recently, MeX technologies have been employed for the fabrication of capacitive-based sensors: Saari et al [22] used the fiber encapsulation method to fabricate a capacitive force sensor having a sensitivity of 0.2 pF kN . Using a triple extruder MeX machine (support material, conductive material, insulator material), Liu et al [23] developed a capacitive sensor for human blood pulse having a sensitivity of 1.9 pF N : in particular the total printing time was 35 min, while the support material dissolving time was almost 10 h. In 2021, Loh et al [24] proposed a capacitive-based force sensor entirely manufactured through MeX technology: they connected the proposed sensor to a jamming universal gripper in order to obtain direct feedback (change in the row and column capacitance in the matrix) during the object manipulation (grasping, holding, and release).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive manufacturing for capacitive liquid level sensors

Stano

Nisio

Lanzolla

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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A new manufacturing wave concerning the Additive Manufacturing of sensors is spreading: several benefits, such as cost, time, and manual task reduction, can be achieved. The aim of the present research is the one-shot Additive Manufacturing of a low-cost capacitive sensor for liquid level sensing. The Material extrusion (MeX) technology was used to fabricate the proposed sensors (composed of a flexible substrate, two conductive electrodes, and a top flexible coverage), and a Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) approach in conjunction with the 3D printing force analysis was performed. Very thin conductive tracks (0.5 mm) were manufactured to obtain a sensor having a final capacitance value of 125 pF, readable by common laboratory instrumentation. The sensor has been tested for the liquid level sensing using two different liquids, i.e., sunflower oil and distilled water, exhibiting very good sensitivity of 0.078 $$\frac{pF}{mm}$$ pF mm and 0.79 $$\frac{pF}{mm}$$ pF mm , respectively, with high repeatability, thus obtaining sensing performances comparable with that of more expensive sensors found in literature. Moreover, the proposed sensor showed high linearity (R2 ≥ 0.997), which resulted in a maximum propagated level error of 1.4 mm. The present research proves that the inexpensive MeX technology can be successfully employed for the fabrication of high-performance capacitive sensors: the sensor manufacturing cost (related to raw materials) is 0.38 €, and no manual assembly tasks were performed. This study lays the foundation for the one-shot fabrication of smart structures with capacitive sensors on board, saving manufacturing time and cost.

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3D Printed Metamaterial Capacitive Sensing Array for Universal Jamming Gripper and Human Joint Wearables

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Gap coupled symmetric split ring resonator based near zero index ENG metamaterial for gain improvement of monopole antenna

Additive manufacturing for capacitive liquid level sensors

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