3D printed contact lenses for the management of color blindness

Alam, Fahad; Salih, Ahmed E.; Elsherif, Mohamed; Yetisen, Ali K.; Butt, Haider

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102464

Cited by 15 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As mentioned above, the improvement in the color perception of color blind people was evaluated using the Ishihara test after the use of lenses and glasses based on the filtering mechanism. In conclusion, the color filtering mechanism cannot provide normal color vision for CVD people, but it can truly enhance one’s ability to distinguish colors, which has been experimentally confirmed and widely accepted by industries and researchers. − ,,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Until now, many contact lenses and tinted glasses based on color filters have been widely investigated and are even commercially available − ,,, for color blindness management. In addition, the Ishihara test, which is the most common and available color blindness test, was performed to confirm that color filters help to color blind people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the first pair of tinted glasses was introduced by Maxwell in 1857, 18 consisting of green and red lenses, and CVD people were able to distinguish between colors that were not previously recognizable. Until now, many contact lenses and tinted glasses based on color filters have been widely investigated and are even commercially available [10][11][12]14,19,20 for color blindness management. In addition, the Ishihara test, which is the most common and available color blindness test, was performed to confirm that color filters help to color blind people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In conclusion, the color filtering mechanism cannot provide normal color vision for CVD people, but it can truly enhance one's ability to distinguish colors, which has been experimentally confirmed and widely accepted by industries and researchers. [10][11][12][13][14]19,20,23 Recently, plasmonic nanostructures have attracted much attention for color blindness management instead of chemical dyes because of their excellent properties and the tunability of plasmonic resonances. Plasmonic nanoparticles such as gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs) have excellent optical properties and thus have been utilized in many applications in fields including biology, 24−26 drug delivery, 27−31 biosensing, 32−34 and biomedical imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmonic Eyeglasses Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Color Vision Deficiency Management

Roostaei

Hamidi

2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Color vision deficiency (CVD), or color blindness, is a common ocular disorder that prohibits the recognition of different colors, from which many people suffer worldwide (8–10% of males and 0.4–0.5% of females). Despite numerous efforts, no definitive cure for color blindness has yet been discovered, but many color filter-based aids such as tinted glasses and contact lenses have been developed to help color blind people. This work is the first to fabricate plasmonic eyeglasses based on gold nanoparticles using two innovative methods, i.e., the simple self-assembly technique and heat treatment of gold thin films, and to evaluate them for color blindness management. The proposed plasmonic eyeglasses were simulated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and a good agreement between experimental and simulation results was obtained. The proposed plasmonic eyeglasses based on gold nanoparticles are more selective than commercial Enchroma and VINO glasses because of the tunability of plasmonic properties of gold NPs by controlling their morphology, which provides insights for applications of color vision deficiency improvement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmonic Eyeglasses Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Color Vision Deficiency Management

Roostaei

Hamidi

2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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“…Yet, color vision deficiency (CVD) or colorblindness is a very common congenital disorder that limits the ability of the patient to distinguish between shades of certain colors. [ 1 ] CVD patients experience difficulties in distinguishing colors in their daily lives, such as traffic lights, LED lights on some devices, ripened or raw vegetables and fruits, and colors of sports’ jerseys along with an overall depression stemming from the idea that they cannot enjoy a variety of aesthetical experiences ( Figure ). Moreover, according to prior studies, approximately 7%–8% of male population and 0.4%–0.5% of female population are suffering from congenital CVD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of 3D‐Printed Glasses for Color Vision Deficiency

et al. 2022

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Color distinction is vital in daily life practices as it aids in identifying and distinguishing different objects along with emphasizing the visual perceived information. Yet, color vision deficiency (CVD) or colorblindness is a very common congenital disorder that limits the ability of the patient to distinguish between shades of certain colors. [1] CVD patients experience difficulties in distinguishing colors in their daily lives, such as traffic lights, LED lights on some devices, ripened or raw vegetables and fruits, and colors of sports' jerseys along with an overall depression stemming from the idea that they cannot enjoy a variety of aesthetical experiences (Figure 1). Moreover, according to prior studies, approximately 7%-8% of male population and 0.4%-0.5% of female population are suffering from congenital CVD. [2,3] Human eyes perceive colors with the help of photoreceptor cells also known as cone cells present in the eye's retina. [4,5] The cone cells are categorized based on the wavelengths they are sensitive toward, that is, short (S), medium (M), and large (L); those are also commonly termed as blue, green, and red cone cells, respectively (Figure 1E-H). Moreover, normal color vision is trichromatic, in which all three cones are present in the eye and are well functioning; however, colorblind patients usually suffer from a missing or faulty cone cell. According to the latter, CVD can be divided as follows: protanomaly (faulty L-cone) or protanopia (missing L-cone), deuteranomaly (faulty M-cone) or deuteranopia (missing M-cone), and tritanomaly (faulty S-cone) or tritanopia (missing S-cone). Further, protans and deutans are commonly categorized as red-green CVD patients whereas tritans are usually referred to as blue-yellow CVD patients. [6] Among these types of CVDs, red-green is the most common. [7,8] Furthermore, there are several methods for determining the CVD type and its severity. One of these approaches is the use of pseudoisochromatic testing plates, which seem to be of a single color to people suffering from CVD. The Ishihara test is the most popular and is commonly available among the optometrists. [9,10] There are many variations of the test, each with a different number of tests plate, but the 38-plate version is the most common. The Ishihara test can only detect red-green colorblindness and cannot classify a patient as a protan, deutan, or tritan. [11] Other tests, such as Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR), Fransworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue, and Fransworth D-15, can be used to get such detailed information. [12,13] Another testing method involves the usage of anomaloscopes, which utilize control knobs that reflect the form and severity of the CVD. [14] Anomaloscopes use control knobs to align two images with their color brightness. They are the most complex to use, even though they offer a reliable classification of all CVD conditions.

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Low‐Cost Customized Color‐Blind Contact Lenses using 3D Printed Molds

et al. 2023

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Prominence of color perception in our day‐to‐day routine is unequivocally pronounced, yet visual ramifications due to color vision deficiency (CVD) or color blindness impede carriers of this disorder from functioning normally. To circumvent this deficiency, patients opt for tinted glasses/contact lenses to complement their color distinction capabilities. Red‐green color blindness, the most prevalent form of CVD, can be alleviated using such glasses/lenses that filter out problematic wavelengths (540–580 nm). Nonetheless, nearly all contact lenses established by companies and developed by researchers are tinted throughout their entire surface, causing patients discomfort and needless attention as people can easily note their deficiency. Ideally, the tint within the lens should only cover the eye's pupil as it is responsible for perceiving light. Hence herein, CVD contact lenses are fabricated by solely tinting the midportion of commercial lenses utilizing two additively manufactured molds with 4 and 8 mm‐diameter holes to emulate the humans’ average pupil size. The tinted lenses filter light effectively at 530–590 nm with their transmission dip being at 558 nm. The contact lenses show excellent wettability and water retention capabilities along with demonstrating superior wavelength‐filtering properties to most of the commercial and research‐based CVD wearables.

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3D printed contact lenses for the management of color blindness

Cited by 15 publications

References 32 publications

Plasmonic Eyeglasses Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Color Vision Deficiency Management

Plasmonic Eyeglasses Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Color Vision Deficiency Management

Development of 3D‐Printed Glasses for Color Vision Deficiency

Low‐Cost Customized Color‐Blind Contact Lenses using 3D Printed Molds

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