3D‐Printed Carbon Electrodes for Neurotransmitter Detection

Yang, Cheng; Cao, Qun; Puthongkham, Pumidech; Lee, Scott T.; Ganesana, Mallikarjunarao; Lavrik, Nickolay V.; Venton, B. Jill

doi:10.1002/ange.201809992

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The LoD for dopamine sensing reported in this work is lower than any other study in literature. In fact, compared to using different materials such as graphene 48 , nano-gold 49 , planar carbon paste 50 , 3D carbon 51 , 2D plasmonic hole array 52 , nickel oxide nanoparticles 34 , and planar gold (Au)-CoP 53 , the use of 3D Ag/rGO micropillar geometry with its nano-to-meso scale architecture improved the LoD for dopamine detection by about nine orders of magnitude. As the measured physical range of dopamine in human blood and plasma is as low as 0.01–0.48 n m , and 0.13 n m , respectively, the method described in this paper demonstrates not only a clear improvement over the current state-of-the-art, but also a highly useful method for neurophysiological applications.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking the barrier to biomolecule limit-of-detection via 3D printed multi-length-scale graphene-coated electrodes

Ali

Jahan

et al. 2021

Nat Commun

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Sensing of clinically relevant biomolecules such as neurotransmitters at low concentrations can enable an early detection and treatment of a range of diseases. Several nanostructures are being explored by researchers to detect biomolecules at sensitivities beyond the picomolar range. It is recognized, however, that nanostructuring of surfaces alone is not sufficient to enhance sensor sensitivities down to the femtomolar level. In this paper, we break this barrier/limit by introducing a sensing platform that uses a multi-length-scale electrode architecture consisting of 3D printed silver micropillars decorated with graphene nanoflakes and use it to demonstrate the detection of dopamine at a limit-of-detection of 500 attomoles. The graphene provides a high surface area at nanoscale, while micropillar array accelerates the interaction of diffusing analyte molecules with the electrode at low concentrations. The hierarchical electrode architecture introduced in this work opens the possibility of detecting biomolecules at ultralow concentrations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also note that the sensor we developed in this work is demonstrated for in vitro detection of dopamine. However, recent developments on freestanding carbon sensors 51 used in vivo for the detection of dopamine can provide a pathway to extend our work for in vivo applications, which will be part of a future investigation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the barrier to biomolecule limit-of-detection via 3D printed multi-length-scale graphene-coated electrodes

Ali

Jahan

et al. 2021

Nat Commun

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“…To facilitate the progress of research, micro-fabrication techniques such as inkjet printing [2], photolithography [3] and selective laser sintering [4] have been developed. Devices such as sensors [5], micro-capacitors [6] and micro-and nanoelectromechanical systems [7] have been produced for biomedical and energy storage applications. With the increasing demand for device miniaturization, as well as the growing interest in plasmonic metamaterial applications [8,9], conventional additive manufacturing technologies are no longer viable due to their limited resolution at the micron scale [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printability of photo-sensitive nanocomposites using two-photon polymerization

Yeung

Dong

Chen

et al. 2020

Nanotechnology Reviews

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AbstractTwo-photon polymerization direct laser writing (TPP DLW) is an emerging technology for producing advanced functional devices with complex three-dimensional (3D) micro-structures. Tremendous efforts have been devoted to developing two-photon polymerizable photo-sensitive nanocomposites with tailored properties. Light-induced reconfigurable smart materials such as liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are promising materials. However, due to the difficulties in designing two-photon polymerizable liquid crystal monomer (LCM) nanocomposite photoresists, it is challenging to fabricate true 3D LCE micro-structures. In this paper, we report the preparation of photo-sensitive LCE nanocomposites containing photothermal nanomaterials, including multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and gold nanorods (AuNRs), for TPP DLW. The printability of the LCE nanocomposites is assessed by the fidelity of the micro-structures under different laser writing conditions. DLW of GO/LCM photoresist has shown a vigorous bubble formation. This may be due to the excessive heat generation upon rapid energy absorption of 780 nm laser energy. Compared to pure LCM photoresists, AuNR/LCM photoresists have a lower laser intensity threshold and higher critical laser scanning speed, due to the high absorption of AuNRs at 780 nm, which enhanced the photo-sensitivity of the photoresist. Therefore, a shorter printing time can be achieved for the AuNR/LCM photoresist.

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“…1 Biogenic nerve systems instead use a complex interplay of ionic and electric currents/potentials as well as chemically defined signalling via neurotransmitters for logic operation and memory. [2][3][4] Such devices are genetically optimized to operate via minimal energy consumption. In this context, recently neuromorphic architectures and iontronic devices have received tremendous attention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithic in-plane integration of gate-modulated switchable supercapacitors (ipG‐Cap)

Bräuniger

Lochmann

Gellrich

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Monolithic integration of iontronic devices is a key challenge for future miniaturization and system integration, in particular the interconnection of multiple functional elements as required for ion computing. The G-Cap, a novel iontronic element, is a switchable supercapacitor with gating characteristics comparable to transistors in electronic circuits, but switching relies on ionic currents and ion electroadsorption. We report here the first monolithic in-plane G-Cap integration through 3D-inkjet printing of non-toxic nanoporous carbon precursors. The printed G-Cap has a three-electrode architecture integrating a symmetric "working" micro-supercapacitor (W-Cap) and a third "gate" electrode (G-electrode) that reversibly depletes/injects electrolyte ions into the system, effectively controlling the "working" capacitance. The printed precursor structures were directly converted into nanoporous carbon materials with a specific surface area of 544 m2 g−1. The symmetric W‐Cap operates with a proton conducting hydrogel electrolyte based on PVA/H2SO4 and shows a high capacitance (1.3 mF cm−2) that can be switched “on” and “off” by applying a DC bias potential (- 1.0 V) at the G-electrode. This effectively suppresses AC electroadsorption in the nanoporous carbon electrodes of the W-Cap, resulting in a high capacitance drop from an "on" to an "off" state. Printing offers far-reaching freedom of design for varying the device structure achieving superior device performance. The new monolithic structures achieve high rate performance, reversible on-off switching with an off-value as low as 0.5 % surpassing values reported so far. Establishing technologies and device architectures for functional ionic electroadsorption devices is crucial for diverse fields ranging from microelectronics and iontronics to biointerfacing and neuromodulation.

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3D‐Printed Carbon Electrodes for Neurotransmitter Detection

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Breaking the barrier to biomolecule limit-of-detection via 3D printed multi-length-scale graphene-coated electrodes

Breaking the barrier to biomolecule limit-of-detection via 3D printed multi-length-scale graphene-coated electrodes

Printability of photo-sensitive nanocomposites using two-photon polymerization

Monolithic in-plane integration of gate-modulated switchable supercapacitors (ipG‐Cap)

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