3D Printed Biohybrid Microsystems

Abstract

are not able to fully meet the challenges related to the creation of such systems. A number of methods are known that make it possible to form 3D structures, for example, Rolling-Up technology and imprint lithography. [1][2][3][4] However, a rather short list of materials that can be used in such technologies and a too narrow range of 3D shapes that can be fabricated using these methods seriously limit the application fields of the techniques. It seems that additive manufacturing (AM) technology, or 3D printing, presents a much more universal and promising technological approach in this field. AM technology is the process of forming structures and devices by layer-by-layer (or pointby-point) application of materials in accordance with a 3D digital computer aided design (CAD) model. [5] The results of recent years convincingly show that the rapidly progressing AM technology, which uses the widest range of materials, including biological ones, has become the technological basis and the driving force of new breakthrough fields, including biology and medicine. [6,7] The purpose of our review is to analyze the role and achievements of 3D micro-and nanoprinting in the development of one of the most advanced fields, biohybrid systems (BHS), formed by the integration of at least one biological component with at least one artificial element. In the creation of such systems, the desire was manifested to combine the unique capabilities of living biosystems, having been perfected during the millions of years of evolution, with the functionality of artificially made structures. This integration leads to a synergistic effect and significantly expands the capabilities of the devices being created, which are in demand in various fields, primarily in biology and medicine. This review by no means aims to provide an exhaustive picture of the entire field of biohybrid materials and structures; instead, it is devoted to the consideration of smart biohybrid microsystems. These are complex multifunctional devices that allow recording the biophysical and biochemical parameters of biological objects and exerting active control on those parameters for treatment or research. [8][9][10][11][12][13] The functionality of such systems is provided by micro-and nanotools, for the production of which high-resolution additive methods are used. These are various optical, electronic, mechanical microand nanostructures that are used as activators, capsules for transporting cells or active substances, elements of microfluidic systems, sensors, microelectrode arrays, etc. The review addresses the formation and integration of such structures into smart biohybrid microsystems. The review outlines the most This review is devoted to the role of 3D printing in the development of a new high-tech field, smart biohybrid microsystems. The motivation behind the development of this field is the intention to integrate the capabilities of biological systems optimized in the course of evolution with the achievements of modern methods of forming micro-and nanostructu...

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