3D Porous Self-Standing Sb Foam Anode with a Conformal Indium Layer for Enhanced Sodium Storage

Abstract

Antimony (Sb) has been considered as a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and moderate working potential but suffers from the dramatic volume variations (∼250%), an unstable electrode/electrolyte interphase, active material exfoliation, and a continuously increased interphase impedance upon sodiation and desodiation processes. To address these issues, we report a unique three-dimensional (3D) porous self-standing foam electrode built from core-shelled Sb@ In 2 O 3 nanostructures via a continuous electrodepositing strategy coupled with surface chemical passivation. Such a hierarchical structure possesses a robust framework with rich voids and a dense protection layer (In 2 O 3 ), which allow Sb nanoparticles to well accommodate their mechanical strain for efficiently avoiding electrode cracks and pulverization with a stable electrode/electrolyte interphase upon sodiation/desodiation processes. When evaluated as an anode for SIBs, the prepared nanoarchitectures exhibit a high first reversible capacity (641.3 mA h g −1 ) and good cyclability (456.5 mA h g −1 after 300 cycles at 300 mA g −1 ), along with superior high rate capacity (348.9 mA h g −1 even at 20 A g −1 ) with a first Coulomb efficiency as high as 85.3%. This work could offer an efficient approach to improve alloying-based anode materials for promoting their practical applications.

High rate and ultralong cyclelife fiber‐shaped sodium dual‐ion battery based on bismuth anodes and polytriphenylamine cathodes

“…Both variables ∆ E s and ∆ E t are determined and also the D Na + values according to Equation (3). Therefore, it is clear that the D Na + value of the CNT@Bi fiber electrode is in the range 1.65 × 10 −11 –8.0 × 10 −11 cm 2 s −1 (Supporting Information: Figure S10), which is higher than or comparable to that of many previously reported anodes for SIBs, 48,49 revealing favorable ion diffusion properties in the CNT@Bi fiber.…”

Ultrafine Antimony Nanocrystals/Phosphorus Pitaya-Like Nanocomposites as Anodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…Based on Fick’s second law as follows, the Na + diffusion coefficients ( D Na+ ) during the sodiation and desodiation processes were obtained, where τ means the time of the pulse current, m B , M B , and V m represent the weight, molecule weight, and molar volume of Sb/P in the electrode, respectively, S is the surface area of the electrode, Δ E S is the deviation of each equilibrium voltage, and Δ E τ is the deviation voltage during the current pulse. The calculated D Na+ (Figures b and S8b) were almost in a range of 10 –10 –10 –12 cm 2 s –1 , which were similar to Sb-based anode materials. , Moreover, D Na+ of the Sb/P electrode were generally faster than the SbNC electrode at most sodiation and desodiation states, revealing the faster Na-ion kinetic behavior in the Sb/P nanocomposites.…”

Engineering Nanostructured Antimony-Based Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

“…Through self-wrapping, the ultrasmall Sb nanoparticles embedded in 3D nitrogen-doped porous carbon matrix anode can deliver a reversible capacity of 138 mAh g −1 even at a very high current density of 32 A g −1 [90]. Similar work is a porous self-standing foam electrode built from core-shelled Sb@In 2 O 3 nanostructures, which displayed superior high rate capacity (348.9 mAh g −1 even at 20 A g −1 ) [91].…”