3D multiphoton lithography using biocompatible polymers with specific mechanical properties

Buchroithner, Boris; Hartmann, Delara; Mayr, Sandra; Oh, Yoo Jin; Sivun, Dmitry; Karner, Andreas; Buchegger, Bianca; Grießer, Thomas; Hinterdorfer, Peter; Klar, Thomas A.; Jacak, Jaroslaw

doi:10.1039/d0na00154f

Cited by 25 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…The immobilization of endogenous chemical groups onto surfaces through grafting strategies with high spatial resolution constitutes a promising route to develop smart materials at minimal cost, enabling applications spanning microfabrication, nanomedicine, and several other blooming fields. [ 1–8 ] However, precision applications such as the development of micro‐ and nano‐sensors and the preparation of sub‐micrometric/nanometric devices, [ 9,10 ] require fine control over the amount and extent of surface modification. When monolayers are sought, self‐assembled [ 11,12 ] and/or self‐limiting, [ 13–16 ] reactions are excellent strategies to control the extent of the modification, but these are not always applicable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy

Brasiliense

Audibert

et al. 2021

Small Methods

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Surface modification by photo grafting constitutes an interesting strategy to prepare functional surfaces. Precision applications, however, demand quantitative methods able to monitor and control the amount and distribution of surface modifications, which is hard to achieve, particularly in operando conditions. In this paper, a label‐free, cost‐effective, all‐optical method based on wavefront sensing which is able to quantitatively track the evolution of grafted layers in real‐time, is presented. By positioning a simple thin diffuser in the close vicinity of a camera, the thickness of grafted patterns is directly evaluated with sub‐nanometric sensitivity and diffraction‐limited lateral resolution. By performing an in‐depth kinetic analysis of the local modification of an inert substrate (glass cover slips) through photografting of arydiazonium salts, different growth regimes are characterized and several parameters are estimated, such as the grafting efficiency, density and the apparent refractive index distribution of the resulting grafted layers. Both focused and widefield‐grafting can be quantitatively monitored in real time, providing valuable guidelines to maximize functionalization efficiency. The association of a well‐characterized versatile photografting reaction with the proposed flexible and sensitive monitoring strategy enables functional surfaces to be prepared, and puts surface micro‐ to submicro‐structuration within the reach of most laboratories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy

Brasiliense

Audibert

et al. 2021

Small Methods

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“…The biocompatible photoresist BisSR was a mixture of 29% of Bis-GMA (Esschem Europe, England) and 71% ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (SR348C) (Sartomer, France), and prepared as published. 27 CEA/PETA was composed of 10 wt.% 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) mixed with PETA. The biotinylated resin consisted of 1 wt.% biotin arylate (Nanocs, Inc., USA) and 99% PETA.…”

Section: Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Channel Microfluidics for Mimicking the Blood–Brain Barrier

et al. 2021

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High-resolution imaging is essential for analysis of the steps and way stations of cargo transport in in vitro models of the endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate a microfluidic system consisting of two channels horizontally separated by a cell-growth-promoting membrane. Its design allows for high-resolution (down to single-molecule level) imaging using a high numerical aperture objective with a short working distance. To reduce optical aberrations and enable single-molecule-sensitive imaging, an observation window was constructed in the membrane via laser cutting with subsequent structuring using 3D multiphoton lithography for improved cell growth. The upper channel was loaded with endothelial cells under flow conditions, which showed polarization and junction formation. A coculture of human vascular endothelial cells with pericytes was developed that mimics the blood–brain barrier. Finally, this dual channel microfluidics system enabled 3D localization microscopy of the cytoskeleton and 3D single-molecule-sensitive tracing of lipoprotein particles.

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“…For two-photon lithography, biocompatible photoresist BisSR was used [ 21 ], which is a mixture of 29% of Bis-GMA (Esschem Europe, Seaham, UK) and 71% ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (SR348C) (Sartomer, Colombes, France). All monomers are used as received and stirred with a magnetic stirrer until homogeneously mixed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Transwell Design for Microelectrode Ion-Flux Measurements

et al. 2021

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The microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE) is a powerful, non-invasive electrophysiological method for cellular membrane transport studies. Usually, the MIFE measurements are performed in a tissue culture dish or directly with tissues (roots, parts of the plants, and cell tissues). Here, we present a transwell system that allows for MIFE measurements on a cell monolayer. We introduce a measurement window in the transwell insert membrane, which provides direct access for the cells to the media in the upper and lower compartment of the transwell system and allows direct cell-to-cell contact coculture. Three-dimensional multiphoton lithography (MPL) was used to construct a 3D grid structure for cell support in the measurement window. The optimal polymer grid constant was found for implementation in transwell MIFE measurements. We showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) efficiently grow and maintain their physiological response on top of the polymer structures.

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3D multiphoton lithography using biocompatible polymers with specific mechanical properties

Abstract: Two new biocompatible polymers were designed, which can be 3D structured via multiphoton lithography. Their mechanical properties and biocompatibility were determined.

Cited by 25 publications

References 33 publications

Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy

Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy

Dual Channel Microfluidics for Mimicking the Blood–Brain Barrier

An Improved Transwell Design for Microelectrode Ion-Flux Measurements

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