3D MR microscopy with resolution by by

Ciobanu, Luisa; Seeber, D. A.; Pennington, C. H.

doi:10.1016/s1090-7807(02)00071-x

Cited by 146 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells 3,4 , and magnetic resonance force microscopy 5 has succeeded in detecting single electrons 6 and small nuclear spin ensembles 7 . However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications 8 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Balasubramanian

Chan

Kolesov

et al. 2008

Nature

1,777

1,709

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Magnetic resonance imaging and optical microscopy are key technologies in the life sciences. For microbiological studies, especially of the inner workings of single cells, optical microscopy is normally used because it easily achieves resolution close to the optical wavelength. But in conventional microscopy, diffraction limits the resolution to about half the wavelength. Recently, it was shown that this limit can be partly overcome by nonlinear imaging techniques 1,2 , but there is still a barrier to reaching the molecular scale. In contrast, in magnetic resonance imaging the spatial resolution is not determined by diffraction; rather, it is limited by magnetic field sensitivity, and so can in principle go well below the optical wavelength. The sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging has recently been improved enough to image single cells 3,4 , and magnetic resonance force microscopy 5 has succeeded in detecting single electrons 6 and small nuclear spin ensembles 7 . However, this technique currently requires cryogenic temperatures, which limit most potential biological applications 8 . Alternatively, single-electron spin states can be detected optically 9,10 , even at room temperature in some systems [11][12][13][14] . Here we show how magneto-optical spin detection can be used to determine the location of a spin associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond with nanometre resolution under ambient conditions. By placing these nitrogen-vacancy spins in functionalized diamond nanocrystals, biologically specific magnetofluorescent spin markers can be produced. Significantly, we show that this nanometre-scale resolution can be achieved without any probes located closer than typical cell dimensions. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a single diamond spin as a scanning probe magnetometer to map nanoscale magnetic field variations. The potential impact of single-spin imaging at room temperature is far-reaching. It could lead to the capability to probe biologically relevant spins in living cells.The nitrogen-vacancy centre in diamond is a unique solid state system that allows ultrasensitive and rapid detection of single electronic spin states under ambient conditions 12 . The nitrogen-vacancy defect is a naturally occurring impurity that is responsible for the pink colouration of diamond crystals when present in high concentration. It was demonstrated that this colour centre can be produced in diamond nanocrystals by electron irradiation. Fluorescing nitrogen-vacancy diamond nanocrystals can be used as markers for bioimaging applications 15 . Such markers have attracted widespread interest because of their unprecedented photostability and non-toxicity 16,17 . It was recognized recently that the magnetic properties of such fluorescent labels can in principle be used for novel microscopy 18,19 . Here we demonstrate the realization of a magneto-optic microscope using nitrogen-vacancy diamond as the magnetic fluorescent label that moreover does not bleach or blink. Figure 1c and d show the fluorescenc...

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Balasubramanian

Chan

Kolesov

et al. 2008

Nature

1,777

1,709

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“…Unfortunately, despite considerable effort, attempts to push the spatial resolution of conventional MRI into the realm of highresolution microscopy have been stymied by fundamental limitations, especially detection sensitivity (3,4). Consequently, the highest resolution MRI microscopes today remain limited to voxel volumes Ͼ40 m 3 (5)(6)(7)(8). The central issue is that MRI is based on the manipulation and detection of nuclear magnetism, and nuclear magnetism is a relatively weak physical effect.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging

Degen

Poggio²,

Mamin³

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

484

588

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We have combined ultrasensitive magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) with 3D image reconstruction to achieve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with resolution <10 nm. The image reconstruction converts measured magnetic force data into a 3D map of nuclear spin density, taking advantage of the unique characteristics of the "resonant slice" that is projected outward from a nanoscale magnetic tip. The basic principles are demonstrated by imaging the 1 H spin density within individual tobacco mosaic virus particles sitting on a nanometer-thick layer of adsorbed hydrocarbons. This result, which represents a 100 millionfold improvement in volume resolution over conventional MRI, demonstrates the potential of MRFM as a tool for 3D, elementally selective imaging on the nanometer scale.MRFM ͉ MRI ͉ nuclear magnetic resonance ͉ molecular structure imaging M agnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well-known in medicine and in the neurosciences as a powerful tool for acquiring 3D morphological and functional information with resolution in the millimeter-to-submillimeter range (1, 2). Unfortunately, despite considerable effort, attempts to push the spatial resolution of conventional MRI into the realm of highresolution microscopy have been stymied by fundamental limitations, especially detection sensitivity (3, 4). Consequently, the highest resolution MRI microscopes today remain limited to voxel volumes Ͼ40 m 3 (5-8). The central issue is that MRI is based on the manipulation and detection of nuclear magnetism, and nuclear magnetism is a relatively weak physical effect. It appears that conventional coil-based inductive detection techniques simply cannot provide adequate signal-to-noise ratio for detecting voxel volumes below the micrometer size. This sensitivity constraint is unfortunate because MRI has much to offer the world of microscopy with its unique contrast modalities, its elemental selectivity, and its avoidance of radiation damage.Despite the many challenges, there is strong motivation to extend MRI to finer resolution, especially if the nanometer scale can be reached. At the nanometer scale, one might hope to directly and nondestructively image the 3D structure of individual macromolecules and molecular complexes (9). Such a powerful molecular imaging capability could be of particular interest to structural biologists trying to unravel the structure and interactions of proteins, especially for those proteins that cannot be crystallized for X-ray analysis, or are too large for conventional NMR spectroscopy. Nanoscale MRI, with its capacity for true 3D, subsurface imaging, its potential for generating contrast by selective isotopic labeling and its nondestructive nature, would be a welcome complement to the characteristics of electron microscopy. The key to pushing MRI to the nanoscale is detection sensitivity.Recently, a significant breakthrough in magnetic resonance detection sensitivity has been achieved by using magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) (9-13), resulting in single spin detection for electrons ...

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“…Recent experiments have employed single NV À centres to detect distant nuclear spins in diamond [4][5][6][7][8] and external, nanoscale nuclear spin ensembles 9,10 , laying the foundations for routine magnetic resonance imaging with nanometre resolution 11,12 . Electron spins, in the form of either paramagnetic centres in the diamond lattice or radicals intimately associated with the diamond surface, have also been optically detected through their coupling to the NV À centre [13][14][15] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Optically detected cross-relaxation spectroscopy of electron spins in diamond

et al. 2014

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The application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy at progressively smaller length scales may eventually permit 'chemical imaging' of spins at the surfaces of materials and biological complexes. In particular, the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV À ) centre in diamond has been exploited as an optical transducer for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance. However, the spectra of detected spins are generally broadened by their interaction with proximate paramagnetic NV À centres through coherent and incoherent mechanisms. Here we demonstrate a detection technique that can resolve the spectra of electron spins coupled to NV À centres, in this case, substitutional nitrogen and neutral nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond, through optically detected cross-relaxation. The hyperfine spectra of these spins are a unique chemical identifier, suggesting the possibility, in combination with recent results in diamonds harbouring shallow NV À implants, that the spectra of spins external to the diamond can be similarly detected.

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3D MR microscopy with resolution by by

Cited by 146 publications

References 19 publications

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions

Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging

Optically detected cross-relaxation spectroscopy of electron spins in diamond

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