3D Modeling & Analysis Techniques for the Apollo Temple in Delphi

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the application and usage of advanced 3D modeling techniques on monuments through the Apollo Temple in Delphi case study. Firstly, it combines 3D scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to produce an accurate 3D model of the monument, and afterward, it performs finite element modeling (FEM) analysis for both static and dynamic cases. Collapsing scenarios in the case of earthquakes are produced, predicting which parts would first collapse and under which regime the collapsing mechanism would be activated. From the results disclosed herein, the frequency profile of the seismic activity that could lead to resonance with the structure’s dynamic characteristics, and therefore to excessive damages or collapse, was identified. Static structural analysis pinpoints that maximum stress exhibited on the columns’ base never exceeds 0.1338 MPa. Among others, the main novelty of this paper is that it consists of an integrated and multidisciplinary paradigm that advances the available historical knowledge for a quite heavily investigated site.

Modelling and Stability Assessment of the Rock Cliffs and Xrobb l-Ġħaġin Neolithic Structure in Malta

“…Finite element analyses have been extensively used to model multi-drum freestanding columns, typical representatives of ancient Greek antiquity [1,20,22,27,28]. However, limited studies have been conducted on Megalithic Neolithic monuments [16,22,29,30], and even less on complex scenarios of Megalithic monuments on complex geological cliff formations, as presented in the current study.…”

“…Finite element analyses have been extensively used to model multi-drum freestanding columns, typical representatives of ancient Greek antiquity [1,20,22,27,28]. However, limited studies have been conducted on Megalithic Neolithic monuments [16,22,29,30], and even less on complex scenarios of Megalithic monuments on complex geological cliff formations, as presented in the current study. To date, complexity in the scan-to-BIM reversed engineering workflow still undermines HBIM (Historic Building Information Modelling) and FEM integration in various applications [6,7,9,10].…”

“…Finally, it has been possible to generate a 3D model, exploiting the modeling technologies of the Ansys software, Student version 2023. In this way, it was also possible to combine all data gathered including the structural and typological features recorded during the visual survey and site campaigns [20][21][22][23][24]. The integration of these aspects has allowed for the reproduction of the megalithic monument and its surroundings in a virtual environment, obtaining an adequate, versatile, and functional result for all subsequent operations.…”