3D Graphene Networks Encapsulated with Ultrathin SnS Nanosheets@Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Spheres Nanocomposite with Pseudocapacitance‐Enhanced Lithium and Sodium Storage Kinetics

Abstract

The lithium and sodium storage performances of SnS anode often undergo rapid capacity decay and poor rate capability owing to its huge volume fluctuation and structural instability upon the repeated charge/discharge processes. Herein, a novel and versatile method is described for in situ synthesis of ultrathin SnS nanosheets inside and outside hollow mesoporous carbon spheres crosslinked reduced graphene oxide networks. Thus, 3D honeycomb‐like network architecture is formed. Systematic electrochemical studies manifest that this nanocomposite as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries delivers a high charge capacity of 1027 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles. Meanwhile, the as‐developed nanocomposite still retains a charge capacity of 524 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles for sodium‐ion batteries. In addition, the electrochemical kinetics analysis verifies the basic principles of enhanced rate capacity. The appealing electrochemical performance for both lithium‐ion batteries and sodium‐ion batteries can be mainly related to the porous 3D interconnected architecture, in which the nanoscale SnS nanosheets not only offer decreased ion diffusion pathways and fast Li+/Na+ transport kinetics, but also the 3D interconnected conductive networks constructed from the hollow mesoporous carbon spheres and reduced graphene oxide enhance the conductivity and ensure the structural integrity.

Willow‐Leaf‐Like ZnSe@N‐Doped Carbon Nanoarchitecture as a Stable and High‐Performance Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion and Potassium‐Ion Batteries

“…Based on the simulated equivalent circuit in the inset of Figure S8a (Supporting Information), the charge transfer resistance (R ct ) value of the ZnSe@NC electrode is 19.8 Ω, implying high electron conductivity of the ZnSe@NC electrode. [53] Meanwhile, the sodium-ion transport can be investigated according to the Warburg coefficient (σ) which is related to the slope of the linear fittings in the low frequency region. As presented in Figure S8b (Supporting Information), the σ value of ZnSe@NC electrode is only 20.6 Ω s −0.5 , indicating that ZnSe@NC electrode has a fast Na-ion diffusion ability in the active material.…”

Synthesis and Applications of Nanostructured Hollow Transition Metal Chalcogenides

“…The synthesis process of the SnS@C-rGO composite is exhibited clearly (Figure 8c). [152] From the figure, it can be clearly seen that the SnS@C core-shell nanospheres are mixed in the graphene oxide nanolayered structure. After high temperature heat treatment, SnS@C-rGO nanocomposites is obtained.…”

“…1027 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 , 100 cycles LIBs [152] SnS@C-rGO Hollow spheres 825 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 , 336 mAh g −1 at 1.6 A g −1 524 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 100 cycles SIBs [152] Ni 0.33 Co 0.67 Se Hollow nanoprisms 1580 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 850 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 1210 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 , 60 cycles, 89.2% capacity retention LIBs [166] CoS 2 /NC Hollow spheres 1050.8 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 482.5 mAh g −1 at 10 A g −1 721 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 , 1000 cycles LIBs [169] CoS 2 /NC Hollow spheres 782.3 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 637.4 mAh g −1 at 10 A g −1 581.4 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 , 900 cycles SIBs [169] Fe 7 Se 8 @C@MoSe 2 Yolk-shell structure 473.3 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 274.5 mAh g −1 at 5 A g −1 345 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 , 600 cycles 87.1% capacity retention SIBs [175] Cu-CoS 2 @CuxS Double-shelled nanoboxes 535 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 333 mAh g −1 at 5 A g −1 at 0.3 A g −1 , 300 cycles 76% capacity retention SIBs [170] IF-MoS 2 Hollow nanocages 1008 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 680 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 1043.7 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 100 cycles LIBs [120] CuCo 2 S 4 -TU Hierarchical hollow spherical 1137.5 F g −1 at 2 A g −1 , 964.2 F g −1 at 20 A g −1 1029.1 F g −1 at 5 A g −1 , 6000 cycles 94.9% capacity retention SCs [121] CuS@CQDs Hollow nanoflowes energy density of 44.19 W h kg −1 at a power density of 397.75 W kg −1 920.5 F g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 , 10 000 cycles 92.8% capacity retention SCs [123] CNT/CoS@C Hollow nanoparticles 470 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 , 341 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 398 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 , 200 cycles SIBs [124] NiCo 2 S 4 /SnS 2 Hollow spheres 1260 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 , 627 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 627 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 , 300 cycles LIBs [125] CuS Hollow nanoboxes 430 mAh g −1 at 0.1C, 371 mAh g −1 at 20C 371 mAh g −1 at 20C, 1000 cycles LIBs [190] CuS@CoS 2 Double-shelled hollow nanobox 260 mAh g −1 at 0.05 A g −1 , 140 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 304 mAh g −1 at 5 A g −1 , 500 cycles 79% capacity retention SIBs [191] CuS Hollow nanotubes 612 mAh g −1 at 0.…”

Hollow Spheres Consisting of SnS Nanosheets Conformally Coated with S‐Doped Carbon for Advanced Lithium‐/Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes

“…Secondly, tin sulfide electrodes have unsatisfactory rate characteristics because of the low intrinsic conductivity. To improve the electrochemical performance, the tin sulfide hollow structure should be coated with carbon layer or/and integrated with nano‐size carbon such as graphene and 3D carbon . However, fabrication of a carbon layer on the hierarchical tin sulfide hollow structure is quite complicated, and time consuming and the coating may not be uniform.…”

“…To improve the electrochemical performance, the tin sulfide hollow structure should be coated with carbon layer or/and integrated with nano-size carbon such as graphene and 3D carbon. [12,13] However, fabrication of a carbon layer on the hierarchical tin sulfide hollow structure is quite complicated, and time consuming and the coating may not be uniform. Furthermore, tin sulfide/carbon composites fabricated by traditional methods suffer from the large interface resistance and poor mechanical adhesion between tin sulfide and carbon.…”