3D Fabrication of Polymeric Scaffolds for Regenerative Therapy

Abstract

Recent advances in bioprinting technology have been used to precisely dispense cell-laden biomaterials for the construction of complex 3D functional living tissues or artificial organs. Organ printing and biofabrication provides great potential for the freeform fabrication of 3D living organs using cellular spheroids, biocomposite nanofibers, or bioinks as building blocks for regenerative therapy. Vascularization is often identified as a main technological barrier for building 3D organs in tissue engineering. 3D printing of living tissues starts with potential support of biomaterials to maintain structural integrity and degradation of certain time periods after printing of the scaffolds. Biofabrication is the production of complex living and nonliving biological products from raw materials such as cells, molecules, ECM, and biomaterials. Generally, two basic methods are used for the fabrication of scaffolds such as conventional/traditional fabrication processes and advance fabrication processes for engineering organs. A wide range of polymers and biomaterials are used for the fabrication of scaffolds in tissue engineering applications. 3D additive manufacturing is advancing day-by-day; however, there are various critical challenging factors used for fabricating 3D scaffolds. This review is aimed at understanding the various scaffold fabrication techniques, types of polymers and biomaterials used for the fabrication processes, various fields of applications, and different challenges faced in their fabrication of scaffolds in regenerative therapy.

Toughness enhancers for bone scaffold materials based on biocompatible photopolymers

“…INTRODUCTION Additive manufacturing technologies (AMTs) have already made their entrance in biomedical engineering over the past few decades, facilitating the fabrication of medical devices, surgical guides and most recently patient specific implants for regenerative therapy. [1][2][3] The latter especially benefits from lithography-based AMTs (L-AMTs), where photosensitive resins are employed to produce structures with high feature resolution and complex geometry. This enables the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering according to the replaced structure in the biological system.…”

Tailoring synthetic polymeric biomaterials towards nerve tissue engineering: a review

“…Owing to the possibility of tailoring the physiochemical and mechanical properties for mimicking of biological tissues, synthetic polymers have attracted tremendous attention of the scientific community for nerve tissue engineering and regenerative medicines purpose. These polymers are advantageous for tissue engineering purpose because their degradation pattern is based on simple hydrolysis and remains constant for every host [49].…”

“…Currently, they are widely used for design and fabrication controlled drug delivery nanosystems in medicine because the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) approved their parenteral administration. Their degradation is based on hydrolytic cleavage of the ester bonds that in turn result in the production of lactic acid [LA] and glycolic acid[GA] groups [49].…”

Microscale Architecture in Biomaterial Scaffolds for Spatial Control of Neural Cell Behavior

“…3D bioprinting techniques have the potential to mimic the complex micro-architecture of tissue because the biomaterial scaffolds are built using an additive approach and multiple print heads with different biomaterials can be combined to create a single construct (Figure 5). The vast majority of printed biomaterial scaffolds are patterned using the inkjet and microextrusion printing techniques (Murphy and Atala, 2014;Johnson et al, 2016;Ratheesh et al, 2017). Inkjet bioprinting is used to print controlled volumes and works best when printing low-viscosity materials or cells.…”