3D CFD Analysis of Natural Ventilation in Reduced Scale Model of Compost Bedded Pack Barn for Dairy Cows

Damasceno, Flávio Alves; Taraba, Joseph L.; Day, George B.; Vega, Felipe Andrés Obando; Rocha, Keller Sullivan Oliveira; Black, Randi A.; Bewley, J.M.; Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo Alves; Barbari, Matteo

doi:10.3390/app10228112

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A total of 17% of the barns had no ridge opening. Based on the apparent ridge opening (ARO), 18% had an inadequate ridge opening (<2.5 0.02 m/3.05 m), 17% had a marginal ridge opening (2.5 to <0.07 m/3.05 m), and 48% equaled or exceeded the recommended ridge opening [ 18 ]. However, based on the effective ridge opening (ERO), 53% had an inadequate ridge opening, 20% had a marginal ridge opening, and only 11% equaled or exceeded the recommended ridge opening.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compost Dairy Barn Layout and Management Recommendations in Kentucky: A Descriptive Study

Damasceno

Day

Taraba

et al. 2022

Animals

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This study was conducted to describe the building layout and dimensions, characterize the bedding material, and observe the management practices in 42 compost-bedded pack (CBP) barns in Kentucky (USA). The average herd size found in the study was 90 cows and the breeds consisted of Jersey (6.8%), Holstein (72.7%), and mixed (20.5%). The average CBP barn dimensions were 49.1 m (length) by 21.9 m (width). Many of these barns had feed alleys and driveways; overshot ridges with frequent orientation from NE to SW; and green sawdust, kiln-dried sawdust, or a mixture of both as the most common bedding materials. The bed-turning process was performed mechanically at depths of less than 0.25 m, and the loading of fresh material was performed every one to five weeks, varying by season, weather conditions, barn size, and cow density. The average bedding moisture content was found to be 59.0% (wet bulb—w.b.) and ranged from 36.2 to 71.8%. Coliforms were not present in barns that had a higher compost temperature, and the E. coli, Bacillus, and Streptococcus counts were higher in the barns that had a lower moisture content. In conclusion, it was observed that heterogeneous management was used among the barns and that the producers were satisfied with the compost barn system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compost Dairy Barn Layout and Management Recommendations in Kentucky: A Descriptive Study

Damasceno

Day

Taraba

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…Usually, the software used for CFD simulations is commercial. Among these, for modeling animal facilities can be highlighted the Ansys ® CFX [28,29,36,[40][41][42][43], Ansys ® Fluent [15,16,19,20,31,35,39,[44][45][46], and the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ [13,47].…”

Section: Software Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The element size that makes up the mesh also influences the results achieved: the smaller these elements are, the greater the precision of numerical values and the better the modeling quality. However, meshes with too small elements demand more computational time, making the simulation process time consuming and costly [19,28,77,81]. Failure to properly refine the mesh can lead to increased discretization errors and hinder the convergence of the iterative process with second-order discretization schemes [74].…”

Section: Mesh Generation and Independence Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to its versatility, the CFD technique has been increasingly applied for modeling airflow and moisture conditions in agricultural facilities, being considered an ideal complement for field measurements [27]. In dairy cattle facilities, particularly the use of CFD for heat and mass transfer modeling has been widely used to evaluate and understand the behavior of thermal environmental conditions [14][15][16]19,20,26,[28][29][30][31]. The expressive majority of CFD modeling studies in dairy cattle facilities were carried out on typical conditions of collective housing systems in individual stalls (Free Stall).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in Compost-Bedded Pack Barns for Dairy Cows Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Review

Oliveira,

Tinôco,

Sousa

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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To ensure a supply of dairy products, modern dairy farming has assumed an intensive nature, characterized by production in collective facilities with the presence of thermal conditioning, some automation level, and high-use inputs. Among the systems used for dairy cattle confinement, Compost-Bedded Pack Barns (CBPs) have been gaining importance and increasingly have been used in recent decades. CBPs must be designed and managed to ensure the best thermal comfort conditions throughout the year and, consequently, improve productivity, milk quality, and the health of the dairy herd. In this context, modeling via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) emerges as a tool with huge potential for studying the thermal environmental conditions in the beds of CBPs, making it possible to improve projects and/or management practices in this kind of facility. This document is organized as a review, and its objective is to present the state of the art of the applicability of the CFD technique in the study of heat and mass transfer in CBP systems. So far, only four studies have used CFD for modeling CBP systems and have shown that the use of this tool helps to better understand the phenomena of heat and mass transfer in this kind of facility. Therefore, it is important that more studies using this technique in CBP systems be conducted, including additional considerations on constructive elements, animals, and the presence of beds in composting.

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“…CBP has received attention due to the increase in production, comfort and health of the animals, in comparison with traditional freestall systems when properly maintained CBP [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Scientific literature had been focused on determining the airflow distribution inside dairy cow barns with natural [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] and mechanical ventilation [ 10 , 11 , 12 ] for freestall and CBP systems, but none involve the distribution of the dry-bulb temperature (

) and relative humidity (

).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD Study of a Tunnel-Ventilated Compost-Bedded Pack Barn Integrating an Evaporative Pad Cooling System

Vega

Ríos²,

Saráz³

et al. 2022

Animals

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Evaporative cooling is one of the most efficient techniques to reduce heat stress in cows in agricultural facilities. Additionally, compost-bedded pack barn has been shown to improve the welfare and production of cows. Two techniques were combined and analysed by developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a tunnel-ventilated compost-bedded packed barn that integrated the heat and airflow dynamics of an evaporative pad cooling system. This allowed us to study the distribution of dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and airflow velocity inside the barn based on the external environmental conditions, thickness of the pad, water temperature and specific manufacturer characteristics of the pad, providing optimal cooling pad location, size and operating conditions in the barn. Employing experimental data the CFD model was validated showing good agreement. The Equivalent Temperature Index for dairy Cattle (ETIC) was used to determine the level of stress of the cows considering the airflow velocity. It was found a moderate stress due to high relative humidity and low airflow velocity. From the predicted results, it was recommended to increase the airflow velocity above 3 m s−1 when simultaneously the external dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity exceed 30 °C and 55%, respectively, simultaneously. Additionally, installation of baffles at the pad outlet to drive the airflow to the floor was suggested to improve the drying of the compost-bedded closed to the pads, where a low airflow velocity region was established.

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3D CFD Analysis of Natural Ventilation in Reduced Scale Model of Compost Bedded Pack Barn for Dairy Cows

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Compost Dairy Barn Layout and Management Recommendations in Kentucky: A Descriptive Study

Compost Dairy Barn Layout and Management Recommendations in Kentucky: A Descriptive Study

Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in Compost-Bedded Pack Barns for Dairy Cows Using Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Review

CFD Study of a Tunnel-Ventilated Compost-Bedded Pack Barn Integrating an Evaporative Pad Cooling System

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