3D Bioprinting of stimuli-responsive polymers synthesised from DE-ATRP into soft tissue replicas

Abstract

Synthetic polymers possess more reproducible physical and chemical properties than their naturally occurring counterparts. They have also emerged as an important alternative for fabricating tissue substitutes because they can be molecularly tailored to have vast array of molecular weights, block structures, active functional groups, and mechanical properties. To this date however, there has been very few successful and fully functional synthetic tissue and organ substitutes and with the rapidly spreading 3D printing technology beginning to reshape the tissue engineering and regenerative field, the need for an effective, safe, and bio printable biomaterial is becoming more and more urgent. Here, we have developed a synthetic polymer from controlled living radical polymerization that can be printed into well-defined structures. The polymer showed low cytotoxicity before and after printing. Additionally, the incorporation of gelatine-methacrylate coated PLGA microparticles within the hydrogel provided cell adhesion surfaces for cell proliferation. The results point to possible application of the microparticle seeded, synthetic hydrogel as a direct printable tissue or organ substitute.

Hydrogels for Bioprinting: A Systematic Review of Hydrogels Synthesis, Bioprinting Parameters, and Bioprinted Structures Behavior

“…In other studies, several modifications have been performed to enhance its properties. So, furfuryl-gelatin (f-gelatin) allows cross-linking with visible light (AnilKumar et al, 2019 ), but other studies combined with hyaluronic acid (Zhang K. et al, 2016 ; Shin et al, 2018 ; AnilKumar et al, 2019 ), GelMA (McBeth et al, 2017 ), cellulose (Xu X. et al, 2018 ), PEGDA (Aied et al, 2018 ), and PEG (Irvine et al, 2015 ). Additionally, it is also used in three-materials (Bandyopadhyay et al, 2018 ; Haring et al, 2019 ) and four-materials (Akkineni et al, 2016 ) hydrogels.…”

“…Specifically, PEGDA presents high hydrophilicity, a bioinert structure, and lack of toxic or immunogenic responses (Zalipsky and Harris, 1997 ). PEGDA is used alone (Schmieg et al, 2018 ) and combined with alginate (Yu et al, 2018 ) and gelatin (Aied et al, 2018 ). It also appears with alginate/GelMA (Kang et al, 2017 ) and with alginate/GelMA/cellulose (García-Lizarribar et al, 2018 ).…”

“…This parameter can be considered an important factor for hydrogel printability. As it is known, viscosity indicates fluidity Blaeser et al, 2013;Bakarich et al, 2014;Narayanan et al, 2016;Freeman and Kelly, 2017;Gao et al, 2017;Li et al, 2017;Schütz et al, 2017;Yang et al, 2017;Ahlfeld et al, 2018;Habib et al, 2018;Hafeez et al, 2018;He et al, 2018;López-Marcial et al, 2018;Maiullari et al, 2018;Naghieh et al, 2018;Gonzalez-Fernandez et al, 2019;Kosik-Kozioł et al, 2019• Jia et al, 2014Markstedt et al, 2015;Nguyen et al, 2017;Aljohani et al, 2018;Datta et al, 2018;Ooi et al, 2018;Yu et al, 2018;Ji et al, 2019;Yoon et al, 2019• Zhang K. et al, 2016Aied et al, 2018;Choi et al, 2018;Li et al, 2018a,c;Shin et al, 2018;Tijore et al, 2018a and for this reason it is very important for hydrogel extrusion. So, the more the viscous, the more the inner pressure of hydrogel during the extrusion process and increased cell damage.…”

“…Cell line depends mostly on the kind of tissue that wants to be replicated, but previous experience of authors can be a Bertassoni et al, 2014;Das et al, 2015;Gao et al, 2015;Kundu et al, 2015;Akkineni et al, 2016;Daly et al, 2016a;Ersumo et al, 2016;Hartwell et al, 2016;Izadifar et al, 2016;Kim et al, 2016Kim et al, , 2019Narayanan et al, 2016;Zhang K. et al, 2016;Ahn et al, 2017;Freeman and Kelly, 2017;Kang et al, 2017;Levato et al, 2017;Schütz et al, 2017;Stichler et al, 2017;Ahlfeld et al, 2018;Aied et al, 2018;Bandyopadhyay et al, 2018;Berg et al, 2018;Hafeez et al, 2018;Maiullari et al, 2018;Ooi et al, 2018;Shin et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2018;Xu C. et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2018;Gonzalez-Fernandez et al, 2019;Ji et al, 2019;Kiyotake et al, 2019;Krishnamoorthy et al, 2019;Noh et al, 2019;Yoon et al, 2019 Propidium iodide ( 23) Red (dead) Chung et al, 2013;Billiet et al, 2014;Du et al, 2015;He et al, 2016…”

Development and Characterization of Complementary Polymer Network Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Soft Tissue Constructs

“…Moreover, the amplified cells preferred to extend with pseudopods bridging across the inner space between the lattice pores (Figure 4d,e), aiding in the communication and interaction between cells, as well as cell migration within the hydrogel constructs. [ 35 ] Overall, taking the advantages of the reversible thixotropy induced by the dynamic secondary polymer network, the CPN‐imine bioink offered a feasible approach for cell‐laden extrusion bioprinting with high shape fidelity, good cytocompatibility, and structural stability.…”