3D bioprinting and its innovative approach for biomedical applications

Abstract

3D bioprinting or additive manufacturing is an emerging innovative technology revolutionizing the field of biomedical applications by combining engineering, manufacturing, art, education, and medicine. This process involved incorporating the cells with biocompatible materials to design the required tissue or organ model in situ for various in vivo applications. Conventional 3D printing is involved in constructing the model without incorporating any living components, thereby limiting its use in several recent biological applications. However, this uses additional biological complexities, including material choice, cell types, and their growth and differentiation factors. This state‐of‐the‐art technology consciously summarizes different methods used in bioprinting and their importance and setbacks. It also elaborates on the concept of bioinks and their utility. Biomedical applications such as cancer therapy, tissue engineering, bone regeneration, and wound healing involving 3D printing have gained much attention in recent years. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of all the aspects associated with 3D bioprinting, from material selection, technology, and fabrication to applications in the biomedical fields. Attempts have been made to highlight each element in detail, along with the associated available reports from recent literature. This review focuses on providing a single platform for cancer and tissue engineering applications associated with 3D bioprinting in the biomedical field.

Nanomaterials as Theranostic Agents for Cancer Therapy

“…Organic polymer nanoparticles have been intensively studied as theranostic agents due to their many advantages and high cancer therapeutic effectiveness. − Various types of natural and synthetic polymers are used for cancer therapy. To reduce toxicity and potential side effects, biodegradable polymers are commonly employed as the primary materials. , These include chitosan, poly­(lactic acid), gelatin, poly­[ N -(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (HPMA), as well as their copolymers like poly­(lactide- co -glycolide- co -caprolactone) and poly­(lactic- co -glycolic acid) and synthetic polymers like polyurethane, poly­(ethylene glycol), poly­(ethylamine), etc.…”

Organ bioprinting: progress, challenges and outlook

“…Additionally, nozzle clogging is a common issue, which requires continuous process optimization to obtain stable results. 24 On the other hand, the technique based on laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) can also be considered jetting-based bioprinting, in which a laser pulse was focused to heat the energy-absorbing donor substrate and vaporize the underlying liquid firm containing cells or hydrogel material, causing the transfer of the biological material in the form of droplets from the donor substrate to the receiving substrate. 25 By adjusting parameters such as the gap between substrates, the laser pulse energy per unit area, and the viscosity of the bioink, nanoscale bioprinting can be achieved.…”

“…Additionally, nozzle clogging is a common issue, which requires continuous process optimization to obtain stable results. 24…”

“…16 Also, it is difficult for this method to realize bioprinting of multiple bioinks and cell types, which limits its further application. 24…”

Research progress in degradable metal‐based multifunctional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

“…The biocompatibility and bioactivity of the scaffold can be improved by endowing the surface of the bone tissue engineering scaffold with a particular micro-nano structure. 125 The following are a few approaches that can be used to adjust the surface of the micro-nano structure of bone tissue engineering scaffolds: (a) Cutting and grinding the surface of the scaffold through high-precision processing technology to enhance the roughness; (b) using chemical methods, such as chemical deposition, ion implantation, and sol-gel method, to form a thin film or surface modification substance on the surface of the scaffold; (c) surface etching with an acidic solution or laser; (d) using biological methods to load some biological molecules/cells on the surface/inside of the scaffold; (e) imitating the surface morphology of natural organisms, such as mussels and leaves; and (f) utilizing photolithography technology to manufacture micron-scale structures with high precision and resolution. [126][127][128][129] These methods can change the surface morphology of the scaffold and increase the surface-specific surface area and cell adhesion, which are beneficial for the growth of bone cells and regeneration of bone tissue.…”