3D autoencoder algorithm for lithological mapping using ZY-1 02D hyperspectral imagery: a case study of Liuyuan region

Abstract

A hyperspectral image (HSI) contains hundreds of spectral bands, which provide detailed spectral information, thus offering an inherent advantage in classification. The successful launch of the Gaofen-5 and ZY-1 02D hyperspectral satellites has promoted the need for large-scale geological applications, such as mineral and lithological mapping (LM). In recent years, following the success of computer vision, deep learning methods have shown their advantage in solving the problem of hyperspectral classification. However, the combination of deep learning and HSI to solve the problem of geological mapping is insufficient. We propose a new 3D convolutional autoencoder for LM. A pixel-based and cube-based 3D convolutional neural network architecture is designed to extract spatial-spectral features. Traditional and machine learning methods are employed as competing methods, trained on two real hyperspectral datasets, and evaluated according to the overall accuracy, F1 score, and other metrics. Results indicate that the proposed method can provide convincing results for LM applications on the basis of the hyperspectral data provided by the ZY-1 02D satellite. Compared with traditional methods, the combination of deep learning and hyperspectral can provide more efficient and highly accurate results. The proposed method has better robustness than supervised learning methods and shows great promise under small sample conditions. As far as we know, this work is the first attempt to apply unsupervised spatial-spectral feature learning technology in LM applications, which is of great significance for large-scale applications. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…Here, it is particularly important to mention that China's Gaofen, Huanjing, and Ziyuan series satellites are notable sources of surface imagery data, offering spatial resolutions ranging from sub-meters to hundreds of meters. GF-1 [40,85], GF-2 [86], GF-3 [86], GF-5 [41,87], HJ-1A CCD [53], ZY-1 02D [38], and ZY-3 [88] are widely utilized for lithological mapping, and their detailed specifications can be found in Table 4. Among them, GF-1, GF-2, HJ-1A CCD, and ZY-3 loaded multispectral scanner, GF-5 and ZY-1 02D loaded hyperspectral scanner, and GF-3 loaded SAR camera.…”

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