Gadolinium is a special case in spectroscopy because
of the near
isotropic nature of the 4f7 configuration of the +3 oxidation
state. Gd3+ complexes have been studied in several symmetries
to understand the underlying mechanisms of the ground state splitting.
The abundance of information in Gd3+ spectra can be used
as a probe for properties of the other rare earth ions in the same
complexes. In this work, the zero-field splitting (ZFS) of a series
of Gd3+ pentagonal bipyramidal complexes of the form [GdX1X2(Leq)5]
n+ [n = 1, X = axial ligands: Cl–, –O
t
Bu, –OArF5 or n = 3, X =
t
BuPO(NH
i
Pr)2, Leq = equatorial ligand: Py, THF or H2O] with near
fivefold symmetry axes along X1-Gd-X2 was investigated.
The ZFS parameters were determined by fitting of room-temperature
continuous wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra (at
X-, K-, and Q-band) to a spin Hamiltonian incorporating extended Stevens
operators compatible with C
5 symmetry.
Examination of the acquired parameters led to the conclusion that
the ZFS is dominated by the B
2
0 term and that the magnitude of B
2
0 is almost entirely dependent on, and inversely proportional to,
the donor strength of the axial ligands. Surveying the continuous
shape measure and the X1-Gd-X2 angle of the
complexes showed that there is some correlation between the proximity
of each complex to D
5h
symmetry and the magnitude of the B
6
5 parameter, but
that the deformation of the X1-Gd-X2 angle is
more significant than other distortions. Finally, the magnitude of B
2
0 was found to be inversely proportional to the thermal barrier for
the reversal of the magnetic moment (U
eff) of the corresponding isostructural Dy3+ complexes.