2019
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00164
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3D and 4D Printing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) and Four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged as the next generation of fabrication techniques, spanning across various research areas, such as engineering, chemistry, biology, computer science, and materials science. Three-dimensional printing enables the fabrication of complex forms with high precision, through a layer-by-layer addition of different materials. Use of intelligent materials which change shape or color, produce an electrical current, become bioactive, or perform an intended … Show more

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Cited by 316 publications
(264 citation statements)
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References 199 publications
(228 reference statements)
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“…Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technique for fabricating implantable hydrogels for various biomedical applications [24,[26][27][28][29]. These types of hydrogels have been reported in the literature as a potential scaffold for post-surgery applications in in vivo experiments [30,31]. However, there are just few numbers of these printable scaffolds, like poly-lactic acid (PLA) hydrogels, which are approved by FDA.…”
Section: Implantable Hydrogelsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technique for fabricating implantable hydrogels for various biomedical applications [24,[26][27][28][29]. These types of hydrogels have been reported in the literature as a potential scaffold for post-surgery applications in in vivo experiments [30,31]. However, there are just few numbers of these printable scaffolds, like poly-lactic acid (PLA) hydrogels, which are approved by FDA.…”
Section: Implantable Hydrogelsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most critical part of 4D printing is the material, rather than printing technology. The material bottleneck is the main challenge of 4D printing (Lui et al, 2019; Tamay et al, 2019). The material used in 4D printing is required to be able to undergo favorable changes in deformation excitation conditions (such as temperature, humidity, electric field, magnetic field, pH, etc.)…”
Section: From 3d Printing To Four‐dimensional Printingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Stereolithography is a 3D printing technique based on the layer photopolymerization of specific materials by means of light irradiation, usually UV, leading to a final stacked scaffold as the build stage is vertically translated. This fabrication method is characterized by an intrinsic high resolution, the highest among all the additive manufacturing techniques (about 6 μm), which allows finely controlling external geometry and internal architecture of the designed scaffold to realize complex geometries [ 30 ]. In addition, a reliable modification can be further considered to include additional functional cues [ 31 ].…”
Section: Moving Towards Biomimetic Engineered Muscular Constructsmentioning
confidence: 99%