350-kDa Royal Jelly Glycoprotein (Apisin), Which Stimulates Proliferation of Human Monocytes, Bears the β1-3GalactosylatedN-Glycan: Analysis of theN-Glycosylation Site

Abstract

While doing a structural analysis of minor component N-glycans linked to 350-kDa royal jelly glycoprotein (RJGP), which stimulates the proliferation of human monocytes, we found that a Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-4Man unit occurs on the insect glycoprotein. The structure of the fluorescence-labeled N-glycan was analyzed by sugar component analysis, IS-MS, and (1)H-NMR. The structural analysis showed that the 350-kDa RJGP bears Galbeta1-3GlcNAcbeta1-4(GlcNAcbeta1-2)Manalpha1-3 (Manalpha1-3Manalpha1-6)Manbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc, suggesting this insect glycoprotein is one of the substrates for both beta1-3 galactosyl and beta1-4 N-acetylglucosamininyl transferases. To our knowledge, this is the first report that succeeded in identifying an insect glycoprotein bearing the beta1-3 galactosylated N-glycan.

Royal Jelly Supplementation Improves Lipoprotein Metabolism in Humans

“…4 A/G, albumin to globulin ratio; GOT, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GPT, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; ␥-GTP, ␥-glutamyl transpeptidase. …”

“…RJ contains a mix of proteins (12-15%), sugars (10-16%), lipids (3-6%), free amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids. Several researchers have found that RJ has anti-tumor ( 1 ), anti-inflammatory ( 2 ), antioxidant ( 3 ), and cell proliferative activities ( 4 ). RJ reduces total cholesterol levels in experimental animals ( 5 ) and atherosclerosis in humans ( 6 ).…”

Towards royal jelly proteome

“…Royalisin is an antimicrobial peptide against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi [24,25], the Jelleines are an antimicrobial family of peptides against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts [26]. Apismin is a 54 amino acid peptide highly expressed in the head of the honey-bee and is able to strongly bind apalbumin 1 [27] and apisin is a 350 kDa glycoprotein that stimulates the proliferation of human monocytes [28][29][30].…”

Evaluation of the major royal jelly proteins as an alternative to fetal bovine serum in culturing human cell lines

“…RJ extract or RJ proteins used as cell growth factors or as an alternative to FBS have been paid more attention to in cell culture (Watanabe et al, 1996;Kamakura et al, 2001). The evaluation of RJ extract or RJ proteins was implemented in several cell lines from insects, rats, and humans (Kimura Y. et al, 1996;Kimura M. et al, 2003;Salazar-Olivo and PazGonzalez, 2005). However, most previous work (Musa et al, 2013;Yu et al, 2015) focused on using single RJ extract or RJ proteins to replace FBS.…”

“…Hence, more investigations to evaluate the activities of RJ or RJ proteins have been carried out (Karaca et al, 2012;Musa et al, 2013). Kimura et al (2003) found that 350-kDa RJ glycoprotein stimulates proliferation of human monocytes. Kimura et al (1996) found that 55-kDa RJ glycoportein (RJGP) maintains the high viability of the rat liver primary cultured cell and is a different molecular species from 350-kDa RJGP.…”