Sporulation rate and viability of Eimeria tenella oocysts stored in potassium sorbate solution

Evaluating a Salmonella Typhimurium, Eimeria maxima, and Clostridium perfringens coinfection necrotic enteritis model in broiler chickens: repeatability, dosing, and immune outcomes

“…In these cases, the goal was to identify an appropriate dose rather than test for statistical significance and the low number of significant outcomes was likely due to low sample size. Oocyst viability declines with prolonged storage and E. maxima dose titration before each necrotic enteritis challenge study can ensure that oocyst viability is not a significant contributor to model variability ( Millard and Long, 1974 ; Gong et al, 2021 ). Dose determination benchmarks were characterized as reduced performance without clinical signs such as severe intestinal damage and mortality, more specifically defined as an approximately 25% reduction in BWG leading up to when peak lesions are expected for E. maxima M6 (6 dpi) and an average 6 dpi lesion score of 2 ( Latorre et al, 2018 ).…”

“…One aspect of utilizing the S. Typhimurium– E. maxima – C. perfringens coinfection model is including a small subset of birds for the sole purpose of identifying a target E. maxima dose. Within the recommendations of the model, the E. maxima challenge dose should produce subclinical disease; however, E. maxima virulence can be impacted by factors like storage solution and duration, and the proper dose needs to be evaluated before each experiment ( Millard and Long, 1974 ; Gong et al, 2021 ). Our previous research has evaluated immunometabolic responses to various pathogen challenges, including attenuated vaccine-strain Eimeria spp., to identify potential shifts in glycolytic immunometabolism that could indicate inflammatory immune processes ( Rambold and Pearce, 2018 ; Fries-Craft et al, 2021 ; Meyer et al, 2022 ).…”

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine salts as potential alternatives to potassium dichromate for Eimeria maxima M6 oocyst preservation

“…It is easy to prepare, readily available, and inexpensive. The compound is stable and can be stored at room temperature for long periods without significant degradation ( 9 ). Furthermore, PDC has bactericidal and fungicidal properties to control microbial growth and preserve the oocysts’ integrity ( 7 ).…”