ISSCR guidelines for the transfer of human pluripotent stem cells and their direct derivatives into animal hosts

Hyun, Insoo; Clayton, Ellen Wright; Cong, Yali; Fujita, Misao; Goldman, Steven A.; Hill, Lori R.; Monserrat, Nuria; Nakauchi, Hiromitsu; Pedersen, Roger A.; Rooke, Heather M.; Takahashi, Jun; Knoblich, Jürgen A.

doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.005

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…All the experiments reported herein follow the latest ISSCR guidelines released in 2021 (ref. 37 ). This study does not involve the derivation of new human ES cell lines, does not use any newly obtained samples from fetal abortions and does not use any newly donated human blastocysts.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells

Oldak,

Wildschutz,

Bondarenko

et al. 2023

Nature

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The ability to study human post-implantation development remains limited owing to ethical and technical challenges associated with intrauterine development after implantation1. Embryo-like models with spatially organized morphogenesis and structure of all defining embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues of the post-implantation human conceptus (that is, the embryonic disc, the bilaminar disc, the yolk sac, the chorionic sac and the surrounding trophoblast layer) remain lacking1,2. Mouse naive embryonic stem cells have recently been shown to give rise to embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells capable of self-assembling into post-gastrulation structured stem-cell-based embryo models with spatially organized morphogenesis (called SEMs)3. Here we extend those findings to humans using only genetically unmodified human naive embryonic stem cells (cultured in human enhanced naive stem cell medium conditions)4. Such human fully integrated and complete SEMs recapitulate the organization of nearly all known lineages and compartments of post-implantation human embryos, including the epiblast, the hypoblast, the extra-embryonic mesoderm and the trophoblast layer surrounding the latter compartments. These human complete SEMs demonstrated developmental growth dynamics that resemble key hallmarks of post-implantation stage embryogenesis up to 13–14 days after fertilization (Carnegie stage 6a). These include embryonic disc and bilaminar disc formation, epiblast lumenogenesis, polarized amniogenesis, anterior–posterior symmetry breaking, primordial germ-cell specification, polarized yolk sac with visceral and parietal endoderm formation, extra-embryonic mesoderm expansion that defines a chorionic cavity and a connecting stalk, and a trophoblast-surrounding compartment demonstrating syncytium and lacunae formation. This SEM platform will probably enable the experimental investigation of previously inaccessible windows of human early post implantation up to peri-gastrulation development.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells

Oldak,

Wildschutz,

Bondarenko

et al. 2023

Nature

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“…This ambiguity and lack of legislation has led the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) to develop and include specific recommendations for human cells in animal chimeras in their semi-regularly updated “Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation” 107 . This publication and the accompanying white paper published in Stem Cell Reports by the same authors 108 provide the most cohesive and moderate set of regulations and processes for organizations and governments to implement legislation by incorporating the ethical concerns, public opinion, and scientific literature into their recommendations. Their general conclusion is to regulate chimera research in a stepwise or incremental fashion by primarily extending current existing guidelines for animal and stem cell research to chimera research 107 , 108 .…”

Section: Legal Framework For Hac Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This publication and the accompanying white paper published in Stem Cell Reports by the same authors 108 provide the most cohesive and moderate set of regulations and processes for organizations and governments to implement legislation by incorporating the ethical concerns, public opinion, and scientific literature into their recommendations. Their general conclusion is to regulate chimera research in a stepwise or incremental fashion by primarily extending current existing guidelines for animal and stem cell research to chimera research 107 , 108 .…”

Section: Legal Framework For Hac Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Technological and Regulatory Review on Human–Animal Chimera Research: The Current Landscape of Biology, Law, and Public Opinion

Brown,

Voth,

Person

et al. 2023

Cell Transplant

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Organ transplantation is a highly utilized treatment for many medical conditions, yet the number of patients waiting for organs far exceeds the number available. The challenges and limitations currently associated with organ transplantation and technological advances in gene editing techniques have led scientists to pursue alternate solutions to the donor organ shortage. Growing human organs in animals and harvesting those organs for transplantation into humans is one such solution. These chimeric animals usually have certain genes necessary for a specific organ’s development inhibited at an early developmental stage, followed by the addition of cultured pluripotent human cells to fill that developmental niche. The result is a chimeric animal that contains human organs which are available for transplant into a patient, circumventing some of the limitations currently involved in donor organ transplantation. In this review, we will discuss both the current scientific and legal landscape of human–animal chimera (HAC) research. We present an overview of the technological advances that allow for the creation of HACs, the patents that currently exist on these methods, as well as current public attitude and understanding that can influence HAC research policy. We complement our scientific and public attitude discussion with a regulatory overview of chimera research at both the national and state level, while also contrasting current U.S. legislation with regulations in other countries. Overall, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the legal and scientific barriers to conducting research on HACs for the generation of transplantable human organs, as well as provide recommendations for the future.

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“…Some, such as certain members of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) Task Force subcommittee for stem cell research involving the use of nonhuman embryos and animals, suggest that "these concerns run too far ahead of the actual science, and erroneously conflate higher degrees of biological structural humanization with greater moral humanization, the latter comprising unique human-like cognitive capacities, such as the emergence of higher-order intellectual processing capabilities and thought, and self-consciousness." 98 Nevertheless, this ISSCR subcommittee provides guidelines for research institutions on chimeric research oversight. 99 Humanization (moral or biological) is not addressed in the 6Ps.…”

Section: Of Mice and Monkey Moral Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Chimeras: Applying the Six Principles to Human Brain Organoid Xenotransplantation

Barnhart

Dierickx

2023

Camb Q Healthc Ethics

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Cerebral organoid models in-of-themselves are considered as an alternative to research animal models. But their developmental and biological limitations currently inhibit the probability that organoids can fully replace animal models. Furthermore, these organoid limitations have, somewhat ironically, brought researchers back to the animal model via xenotransplantation, thus creating hybrids and chimeras. In addition to attempting to study and overcome cerebral organoid limitations, transplanting cerebral organoids into animal models brings an opportunity to observe behavioral changes in the animal itself. Traditional animal ethics frameworks, such as the well-known three Rs (reduce, refine, and replace), have previously addressed chimeras and xenotransplantation of tissue. But these frameworks have yet to completely assess the neural-chimeric possibilities. And while the three Rs framework was a historical landmark in animal ethics, there are identifiable gaps in the framework that require attention. The authors propose to utilize an expanded three Rs framework initially developed by David DeGrazia and Tom L. Beauchamp, known as the Six Principles (6Ps). This framework aims to expand upon the three Rs, fill in the gaps, and be a practical means for assessing animal ethical issues like that of neural-chimeras and cerebral organoid xenotransplantation. The scope of this 6Ps application will focus on two separate but recent studies, which were published in 2019 and 2020. First, they consider a study wherein cerebral organoids were grown from donors with Down syndrome and from neurotypical donors. After these organoids were grown and studied, they were then surgically implanted into mouse models to observe the physiological effects and any behavioral change in the chimera. Second, they consider a separate study wherein neurotypical human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids were grown and transplanted into mouse and macaque models. The aim was to observe if such a transplantation method would contribute to therapies for brain injury or stroke. The authors place both studies under the lens of the 6Ps framework, assess the relevant contexts of each case, and provide relevant normative conclusions. In this way, they demonstrate how the 6Ps could be applied in future cases of neural-chimeras and cerebral organoid xenotransplantation.

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ISSCR guidelines for the transfer of human pluripotent stem cells and their direct derivatives into animal hosts

Cited by 26 publications

References 13 publications

Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells

Complete human day 14 post-implantation embryo models from naive ES cells

A Technological and Regulatory Review on Human–Animal Chimera Research: The Current Landscape of Biology, Law, and Public Opinion

A Tale of Two Chimeras: Applying the Six Principles to Human Brain Organoid Xenotransplantation

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