Contextual influences on simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in a predominately white sample of college students.

Gunn, Rachel L.; Sokolovsky, Alexander W.; Stevens, Angela K.; Hayes, Kerri L.; Fitzpatrick, Skye; White, Helene Raskin; Jackson, Kristina M.

doi:10.1037/adb0000739

Cited by 28 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…However, recent work has found that social context (i.e., being with others versus being alone) predicts co-use compared to single substance use in both adolescent and young adult samples. 37 , 68 , 69 Location of use also predicts co-use over single substance use, in that simultaneous use is more likely to occur at a friend’s place, at a party, and when people are around. 69 More work is needed to examine how complex contextual (e.g., social, location, situational) factors interact to predict co-use in more diverse samples, and in treatment-seeking samples, as this may help to inform intervention and prevention efforts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use: Substitution Versus Complementary Effects

Gunn

2122

ARCR

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PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to discuss the literature regarding the concurrent use (co-use) of alcohol and cannabis and competing hypotheses as to whether cannabis acts as a substitute for (i.e., replacing the effects of alcohol, resulting in decreased use) or a complement to (i.e., used to enhance the effects of alcohol, resulting in increased use) alcohol. The impact of cannabis use on alcohol-related outcomes has received increased attention in the wake of ongoing legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. Evidence for both hypotheses exists in the literature across a broad range of data collection methods and samples and is carefully reviewed here. In addition, various mechanisms by which cannabis may act as an alcohol substitute or complement are explored in depth with the goal of better understanding equivocal findings. SEARCH METHODS This review includes articles that were identified from a search for studies on alcohol and cannabis co-use, with a specific focus on studies exploring complementary versus substitution aspects of co-use. Search terms were included in Google Scholar, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. Eligible studies were those that measured alcohol and cannabis co-use in human samples in laboratory, survey, or ecological momentary assessment studies, or that directly referenced substitution or complementary patterns of use. SEARCH RESULTS Search results returned 650 articles, with 95 meeting inclusion criteria. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results of this review reveal compelling evidence for both substitution and complementary effects, suggesting nuanced yet significant distinctions across different populations examined in these studies. Several mechanisms for the impact of cannabis use on alcohol-related outcomes are identified, including patterns and context of co-use, timing and order of use, cannabinoid formulation, pharmacokinetic interactions, and user characteristics (including diagnostic status), all of which may influence substitution versus complementary effects. This review will inform future research studies examining this topic in both clinical and community samples and aid in the development of treatment and prevention efforts targeting those populations most vulnerable to negative consequences of co-use. Finally, this review highlights the need for additional research in more diverse samples and the use of mixed-methods designs to examine both pharmacological and contextual influences on co-use.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use: Substitution Versus Complementary Effects

Gunn

2122

ARCR

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“…Eight papers examined contexts associated with SAM use. 21 , 25 , 31 , 38 , 51 – 54 Overall, context was an important correlate associated with SAM use across samples (community, treatment seeking) and designs (cross-sectional, event-level). However, findings on specific settings were mixed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Associations between contexts and SAM use seemed to differ based on participants’ ages as well as whether the comparison day was alcohol-only or marijuana-only use. 51 , 54 One paper found that college students were more likely to engage in SAM use—compared to alcohol-only and marijuana-only use—at a friend’s place. 54 These students were also more likely to engage in SAM use at parties and less likely to engage in SAM use at a bar or restaurant relative to alcohol use only.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Young Adults: A Scoping Review of Prevalence, Patterns, Psychosocial Correlates, and Consequences

Lee

Calhoun

Abdallah

et al. 2022

ARCR

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BACKGROUND Alcohol and marijuana are commonly used by young adults, and use of both substances, particularly at the same time, is prevalent among this population. Understanding the prevalence, patterns, correlates, and consequences of simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use is important to inform interventions. However, this literature is complicated by myriad terms used to describe SAM use, including use with overlapping effects and same-day co-use. OBJECTIVES This scoping review identifies and describes the peer-reviewed literature focused on SAM use by young adults and distinguishes simultaneous use from same-day co-use of alcohol and marijuana. This review also provides a narrative summary of the prevalence of SAM use, patterns of SAM and other substance use, psychosocial correlates, and consequences of SAM use. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This review is limited to papers written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2000 and August 2021. It includes papers assessing simultaneous use or same-day co-use of alcohol and marijuana among young adults ages 18 to 30. Review papers, qualitative interviews, experimental lab studies, policy work, toxicology or medical reports, and papers focused on neurological outcomes are excluded. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched. Databases were selected and the search strategy developed in consultation with an information specialist. CHARTING METHODS A data charting form was utilized to specify which information would be extracted from included papers. Eight categories of data were extracted: (1) research questions and hypotheses; (2) sample characteristics; (3) study procedures; (4) definition of SAM use; (5) prevalence of SAM use; (6) patterns of SAM and other substance use; (7) psychosocial correlates of SAM use; and (8) consequences of SAM use. RESULTS A total of 1,282 papers were identified through initial search terms. Through double-blind title/abstract screening and full-text review, the review was narrowed to 74 papers that met review inclusion criteria. Review of these papers demonstrated that SAM use was prevalent among young adults, particularly among those who reported heavier quantities and more frequent use of alcohol and marijuana. Enhancement-related motives for use were consistently positively associated with SAM use. SAM use was associated with greater perceived positive and negative consequences of alcohol and/or marijuana use. Inconsistencies in prevalence, patterns, correlates, and consequences were found between studies, which may be due to large variations in measurement of SAM use, populations studied, methodological design (e.g., cross-sectional vs. intensive longitudinal), and the covariates included in models. CONCLUSIONS The literature on simultaneous use and same-day co-use of alcohol and mari...

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“…While several diary studies have examined day-level consequences associated with alcohol and cannabis co-use (e.g., Lee et al, 2020; Linden-Carmichael, Van Doren, et al, 2020; Mallett et al, 2019; Sokolovsky et al, 2020), relatively less attention has been placed on antecedents to use. Toward this end, Gunn et al (2021) examined day-level physical, situational, and social characteristics associated with SAM use relative to days with only alcohol or only cannabis use among a sample of 18–24 year olds currently attending college. Findings revealed that parties, friends’ homes, and being around more people were associated with SAM use occasions relative to single-substance use occasions.…”

Section: Patterns Predictors and Short- And Long-term Outcomes Of Co-usementioning

confidence: 99%

Combined use of alcohol and cannabis: Introduction to the special issue.

Linden-Carmichael¹,

Wardell²

2021

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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Objective: Combined use of alcohol and cannabis has increased in recent years among certain age groups, and it is well established that individuals who use both alcohol and cannabis (especially if they use both at the same time) are at increased risk for substance-related harms relative to individuals who use only one substance. Far less attention has been placed on the patterns, predictors, and psychological processes associated with alcohol and cannabis co-use, which may inform prevention and intervention programming. Accordingly, this special issue was assembled to advance our understanding of the characteristics and consequences of combined use of alcohol and cannabis. Method: In this introductory article, the Guest Editors present the background for this work and provide an overview of the 14 articles that comprise this special issue. Results: Studies contained in this special issue capitalize on a variety of methodologies, with a particular focus on investigating typologies of alcohol and cannabis co-use, clarifying motivational and social contexts of co-use, and tracking co-use in daily life via daily diary and ecological momentary assessment designs. Experimental and neuroimaging examinations of co-use are also included. Collectively, the studies generally provide evidence that combined use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with unique characteristics, predictors, consequences, and psychological processes relative to single-substance use. Conclusions:The studies in this special issue provide new insight into combined use of alcohol and cannabis. They also highlight a number of promising avenues for future inquiry as the literature on alcohol and cannabis co-use continues to grow. Public Health Significance StatementThe studies in this special issue suggest that combined use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with unique characteristics, predictors, outcomes, and psychological processes that distinguish this behavior from use of cannabis or alcohol alone. Findings from these studies provide new insight into the combined use of alcohol and cannabis that may inform interventions and suggest several avenues for future research.

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Contextual influences on simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use in a predominately white sample of college students.

Cited by 28 publications

References 30 publications

Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use: Substitution Versus Complementary Effects

Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use: Substitution Versus Complementary Effects

Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Young Adults: A Scoping Review of Prevalence, Patterns, Psychosocial Correlates, and Consequences

Combined use of alcohol and cannabis: Introduction to the special issue.

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