Metabolite reanalysis revealed potential biomarkers for COVID-19: a potential link with immune response

Abstract

Aim: To understand the pathological progress of COVID-19 and to explore the potential biomarkers. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing. There is metabolomics research about COVID-19 indicating the rich information of metabolomics is worthy of further data mining. Methods: We applied bioinformatics technology to reanalyze the published metabolomics data of COVID-19. Results: Benzoate, β-alanine and 4-chlorobenzoic acid were first reported to be used as potential biomarkers to distinguish COVID-19 patients from healthy individuals; taurochenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, glucuronate and N,N,N-trimethyl-alanylproline betaine TMAP are the top classifiers in the receiver operating characteristic curve of COVID-severe and COVID-nonsevere patients. Conclusion: These unique metabolites suggest an underlying immunoregulatory treatment strategy for COVID-19.

Metabolomics analysis identifies glutamic acid and cystine imbalances in COVID-19 patients without comorbid conditions. Implications on redox homeostasis and COVID-19 pathophysiology

“…Cysteine or cystine imbalance has been reported in other COVID-19 cohorts with variable changes according to disease severity, immune activity and presence of comorbidities [1,33,51,[68][69][70]. In fact, cystine levels are critical to contend with ROS in COVID-19 as well as in several malignancies [1].…”

Potential for Early Noninvasive COVID-19 Detection Using Electronic-Nose Technologies and Disease-Specific VOC Metabolic Biomarkers

“…Levels of certain low-, high-, and very-high-density lipids (including LDLs-1, 4, 5; HDLs-1, 4; VLDL-5; and triglycerides) within the lipoprotein metabolic pathway also increased with disease severity in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals [ 174 ]. Finally, Chen et al [ 175 ] examined metabolites in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism and found that the appearance or increase of certain metabolites, such as taurochenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, glucoronate, and N,N,N-trimethyl–alanylproline betaine TMAP, was also correlated with COVID-19 disease severity.…”