An Understanding of the Global Status of Major Bacterial Pathogens of Milk Concerning Bovine Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Scientometrics)

Abstract

In this study, the major mastitis pathogen prevalence in the cattle and buffalo of the world was estimated by a meta-analysis. Staphylococcus (S) species, Streptococcus (St) species, and Escherichia coli (Ec) prevalence studies reported during 1979–2019 were collected using online databases, and offline resources. A meta-analysis of these data was done with the meta package in R-Software. The Staphylococcus aureus was the major mastitis pathogen, mostly causing subclinical mastitis, Ec causing clinical mastitis and St causing subclinical and clinical mastitis. The pooled prevalence estimates of S, St, and Ec were 28%, 12%, and 11% in the world from 156, 129, and 92 studies, respectively. The S, St, and Ec prevalences were high in Latin America (51%), Oceania (25%), and Oceania (28%), respectively. Higher S, St, and Ec prevalences were observed by molecular methods, signifying high sensitivity and usefulness for future studies. Among bacterial species, S. aureus (25%) followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (20%), Escherichia coli (11%), St. agalactiae (9%), St. uberis (9%) were the important pathogens present in the milk of the world. We hypothesize that there is a urgent need to reduce mastitis pathogen prevalence by ensuring scientific farm management practices, proper feeding, therapeutic interventions to augment profits in dairying, and improving animal and human health.

Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in Cattle Bulk Tank Milk in Cyprus and Relations with Somatic Cell Counts

“…The low Ct values in these cases, suggest the need for further diagnostic investigation of other mastitis pathogens. Subclinical mastitis caused by pathogens, such as S. aureus , S. agalactiae , and especially M. bovis , has a worldwide animal welfare and a public health significance [ 2 ]. The results from this investigation suggest that there is an urgent need to reduce the prevalence of mastitis pathogens by ensuring scientific farm management practices, proper feeding techniques, and therapeutic interventions.…”

“…and other environmental Streptococci, and Enterobacter spp. [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. S. agalactiae and S. aureus are considered to be the most significant contagious pathogens that can cause mastitis in cattle.…”

“…A recent meta-analysis concludes that based on the current methods applied for the detection and identification of bacterial species, molecular methods are more sensitive than the traditional culture methods and should be considered as a diagnostic tool in future studies [ 2 ]. The real-time PCR assay used in this study includes an internal assay control (IAC), based on a ruminant housekeeping gene, which serves as an extraction and amplification control.…”

Molecular fingerprinting of bovine mastitis-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates from India

“…In addition, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which encode multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, are a major problem in human medicine 7 . Bovine mastitis is a very common livestock production-related disease, and S. aureus is the major contributor, resulting in a range of manifestations, including a large proportion of subclinical and chronic cases 8 , 9 . Isolates from bovine mastitis have been shown to produce various types of hemolysins and enterotoxins, as well as Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST), although the proportions of the isolates expressing each type of these toxins vary widely 10 – 12 .…”

Identification of Inflammatory and Regulatory Cytokines IL-1α-, IL-4-, IL-6-, IL-12-, IL-13-, IL-17A-, TNF-α-, and IFN-γ-Producing Cells in the Milk of Dairy Cows with Subclinical and Clinical Mastitis

“…This infectious disease is not limited to animal health and welfare but can also question potential endangerment of dairy consumers. The economic burden of bovine mastitis on the dairy sector is huge due to production losses and processing [ 1 ]. In addition, mastitis of dairy cows contributes significantly to increasing antimicrobial resistance at the forefront of the most pressing global health challenges suggesting misdiagnosis and reduction in antibiotic usage [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”