Effects of Calorie Restriction on Health Span and Insulin Resistance: Classic Calorie Restriction Diet vs. Ketosis-Inducing Diet

Abstract

As the incidence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) increases, preventive approaches become more crucial. In this review, calorie restriction (CR) effects on human beings were evaluated, comparing the benefits and risks of different CR diets: classic CR vs. ketosis-inducing diets, including intermittent fasting (IF), classic ketogenic diet (CKD), fasting mimicking diet (FMD), very-low-calorie ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Spanish ketogenic Mediterranean diet (SKMD). Special emphasis on insulin resistance (IR) was placed, as it mediates metabolic syndrome (MS), a known risk factor for CNCD, and is predictive of MS diagnosis. CR is the most robust intervention known to increase lifespan and health span, with high evidence and known biochemical mechanisms. CR improves cardiometabolic risk parameters, boosts exercise insulin sensitivity response, and there may be benefits of implementing moderate CR on healthy young and middle-aged individuals. However, there is insufficient evidence to support long-term CR. CKD is effective for weight and MS management, and may have additional benefits such as prevention of muscle loss and appetite control. SKMD has extreme significance benefits for all the metabolic parameters studied. Studies show inconsistent benefits of IF compared to classic CR. More studies are required to study biochemical parameters, reinforce evidence, identify risks, and seek effective and safe nutritional CR approaches.

Addition of grapes to both a standard and a high-fat Western pattern diet modifies hepatic and urinary metabolite profiles in the mouse

“…1 In a meta-analysis and systematic review of cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians, it was reported that vegetarians had a significantly lower ischemic heart disease mortality (−29%) and overall cancer incidence (−18%) than non-vegetarians. 1 Various other dietary practices have reported associated health benefits, for example, a vegan diet, 2 a ketogenic diet, 3 a calorie restriction diet 4 and a Mediterranean diet. 5 One particular dietary custom that appears to provide long-term health benefits is consumption of up to 5 servings per day of fruit and vegetables.…”

Calorie restriction remodels gut microbiota and suppresses tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer in mice

“…Controlling dietary intake has been hypothesized to relieve physical and mental burdens associated with obesity ( 24 ). However, in recent years, an increasing number of studies has shown that CR provides patients with numerous other benefits in addition to weight loss ( 25 , 26 ). Choi et al ( 27 ) stated that CR allows the body to eliminate harmful cells while generating healthy new cells, therefore alleviating multiple sclerosis symptoms.…”

Circadian Synchrony: Sleep, Nutrition, and Physical Activity

“…High-fat diets, such as the ketogenic diet, have proven to have many benefits. For example, the ketogenic diet was effective in treating epilepsy and Type 2 Diabetes in young and middle-aged adults (Napoleão et al, 2021). While ketosis-inducing diets can improve metabolic and other syndromes, they can have negative effects on the circadian clock.…”