Cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness, and the acute blood pressure response to exercise in adolescence

Huang, Zhengzheng; Park, Chloe; Chaturvedi, Nishi; Howe, Laura D; Sharman, James E.; Hughes, Alun D.; Schultz, Martin

doi:10.1111/sms.13976

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In this study, exercise BP also had a stronger positive association with elevated body fatness compared to the independent negative relationship with PWC 170 . These findings are consistent with other cross‐sectional studies where exercise systolic BP was higher among individuals with elevated body fatness irrespective of cardiorespiratory fitness 25,26 . A decrease in exercise BP has also been found to be independently associated with a reduction in waist circumference and improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following an exercise intervention 27 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…These findings are consistent with other cross-sectional studies where exercise systolic BP was higher among individuals with elevated body fatness irrespective of cardiorespiratory fitness. 25,26 A decrease in exercise BP has also been found to be independently associated with a reduction in waist circumference and improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness following an exercise intervention. 27 The current study also expands on this understanding between exercise BP, body fatness, and PWC 170 and shows these relationships were partly mediated via relations with general CVD risk factors, suggesting other contributory factors may also influence the BP response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the direct and indirect effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors on exercise blood pressure

Moore,

Blizzard,

Dwyer

et al. 2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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ObjectiveExaggerated exercise blood pressure (BP) is independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. However, it is unknown how individual CVD risk factors may interact with one another to influence exercise BP. The aim of this study was to quantify direct and indirect associations between CVD risk factors and exercise BP, to determine what CVD risk factor/s most‐strongly relate to exercise BP.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional design, 660 participants (44 ± 2.6 years, 54% male) from the population‐based Childhood Determinants of Adult Health Study had BP measured during low‐intensity fixed‐workload cycling. CVD risk factors were measured, including body composition, clinic (rest) BP, blood biomarkers, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Associations between CVD risk factors and exercise BP were assessed using linear regression, with direct and indirect pathways of association assessed via structural equation model.ResultsSex, waist‐to‐hip ratio, fitness, and clinic BP were independently associated with exercise systolic BP (SBP), and along with age, had direct associations with exercise SBP (p < 0.05 all). Most CVD risk factors were indirectly associated with exercise SBP via a relation with clinic BP (p < 0.05 all). Clinic BP, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and fitness were most‐strongly associated (direct and indirect association) with exercise SBP (β[95% CI]: 9.35 [8.04, 10.67], 4.91 [2.56, 7.26], and −2.88 [−4.25, −1.51] mm Hg/SD, respectively).ConclusionMany CVD risk factors are associated with exercise BP, mostly with indirect effects via clinic BP. Clinic BP, body composition, and fitness were most‐strongly associated with exercise BP. These results may elucidate how lifestyle modification could be a primary strategy to decrease exaggerated exercise BP‐related CVD risk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the direct and indirect effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors on exercise blood pressure

Moore,

Blizzard,

Dwyer

et al. 2023

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, females with obesity also exhibited augmented BP responses during handgrip exercise, indicating heightened time–averaged sympathetic vascular transduction 179 . Similarly, others have reported augmented BP responses during exercise in individuals with obesity 189–192 . Studies in participants with obesity who underwent weight loss through diet and/or exercise also exhibit attenuated MSNA during stressors.…”

Section: Autonomic Nervous System Control Of Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 96%

“…179 Similarly, others have reported augmented BP responses during exercise in individuals with obesity. [189][190][191][192] Studies in participants with obesity who underwent weight loss through diet and/or exercise also exhibit attenuated MSNA during stressors. Following weight loss, absolute MSNA was significantly lower throughout low-and moderate-intensity handgrip exercise compared with a control group of participants with obesity.…”

Section: Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease

Watso,

Fancher,

Gomez

et al. 2023

Obesity Reviews

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Summary Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults worldwide. In this review, we focus on two of the most critical public health challenges that contribute to hypertension—obesity and excess dietary sodium from salt (i.e., sodium chloride). While the independent effects of these factors have been studied extensively, the interplay of obesity and excess salt overconsumption is not well understood. Here, we discuss both the independent and combined effects of excess obesity and dietary salt given their contributions to vascular dysfunction, autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation, kidney dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We discuss the role of ultra‐processed foods—accounting for nearly 60% of energy intake in America—as a major contributor to both obesity and salt overconsumption. We highlight the influence of obesity on elevated blood pressure in the presence of a high‐salt diet (i.e., salt sensitivity). Throughout the review, we highlight critical gaps in knowledge that should be filled to inform us of the prevention, management, treatment, and mitigation strategies for addressing these public health challenges.

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“…Our previous studies focused on the clinical importance of exercise BP in detecting high BP and the factors that contribute to exercise BP (fitness and fatness) and the influence of exercise BP on cardiovascular risk (high BP and altered cardiovascular structure) in adolescents ( 92 – 94 ). One of our previous studies first demonstrated that exercise BP might be a useful tool to rule out underlying high BP or “masked hypertension” in adolescence (Specificity: 86.9%, NPV: 95.5%) ( 92 ).…”

Section: Clinical Relevance Of Abnormal Exercise Bpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents

Huang,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality on a global scale. Individuals who possess risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high blood pressure (BP) and obesity, face an elevated risk of experiencing organ-specific pathophysiological changes. This damage includes pathophysiological changes in the heart and peripheral vascular systems, such as ventricular hypertrophy, arterial stiffening, and vascular narrowing and stenosis. Consequently, these damages are associated with an increased risk of developing severe cardiovascular outcomes including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and coronary heart disease. Among all the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure emerges as the most prominent. However, conventional resting BP measurement methods such as auscultatory or oscillometric methods may fail to identify many individuals with asymptomatic high BP. Recently, exercise BP has emerged as a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying real (high) blood pressure levels and assessing underlying cardiovascular risk, in addition to resting BP measurements in adults. Furthermore, numerous established factors, such as low cardiorespiratory fitness and high body fatness, have been confirmed to contribute to exercise BP and the associated cardiovascular risk. Modifying these factors may help reduce high exercise BP and, consequently, alleviate the burden of cardiovascular disease. A significant body of evidence has demonstrated cardiovascular disease in later life have their origins in early life. Children and adolescents with these cardiovascular risk factors also possess a greater propensity to develop cardiovascular diseases later in life. Nevertheless, the majority of previous studies on the clinical utility of exercise BP have been conducted in middle-to-older aged populations, often with pre-existing clinical conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate further of the factors influencing exercise BP in adolescence and its association with cardiovascular risk in early life. Our previously published work showed that exercise BP is a potential useful method to detect adolescents with increased cardiovascular risk. Children and adolescents with cardiovascular risk factors are more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases later in life. However, previous studies on the clinical utility of exercise BP have largely focused on middle-to-older aged populations with pre-existing clinical conditions. Therefore, there is a need to investigate further the factors influencing exercise BP in adolescence and its association with future cardiovascular risk. Our previous studies, which focused on exercise BP measured at submaximal intensity, have shown that exercise BP is a potentially useful method for identifying adolescents at increased cardiovascular risk. Our previous findings suggest that improving cardio-respiratory fitness and reducing body fatness may help to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and improve overall cardiovascular health. These findings have important implications for the development of effective prevention and early detection strategies, which can contribute to improved public health outcomes.

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Cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness, and the acute blood pressure response to exercise in adolescence

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Exploring the direct and indirect effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors on exercise blood pressure

Exploring the direct and indirect effects of cardiovascular disease risk factors on exercise blood pressure

The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease

Exercise blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, fatness and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents

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