Direct Effect of the Synthetic Analogue of Glucagon-Like Peptide Type 1, Liraglutide, on Mature Adipocytes Is Realized through Adenylate-Cyclase-Dependent Enhancing of Insulin Sensitivity
“…To investigate the effect of GLP-1 on fat deposition in mature adipocyte, liraglutide was added on d 9, and cells were further incubated for 48 h before being collected for analysis. The concentration of liraglutide was chosen based on previous reports, our own previous investigation and physiological ranges ( El Bekay et al, 2016 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Hou et al, 2020 ; Mamontova et al, 2021 ). To determine the involvement of AMPK in the effect of GLP-1, the phosphorylation status of AMPK and ACC were detected.…”
“…To investigate the effect of GLP-1 on fat deposition in mature adipocyte, liraglutide was added on d 9, and cells were further incubated for 48 h before being collected for analysis. The concentration of liraglutide was chosen based on previous reports, our own previous investigation and physiological ranges ( El Bekay et al, 2016 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Hou et al, 2020 ; Mamontova et al, 2021 ). To determine the involvement of AMPK in the effect of GLP-1, the phosphorylation status of AMPK and ACC were detected.…”
“…According to Defronzo, optimal management of T2D should include early initiation of therapy using multiple drugs, with different mechanisms of action, in combination [ 65 ]. However, oral semaglutide and other GLP-1 RA drugs act by increasing insulin secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion that leads to reduced hepatic glucose production, correcting defects in the production of gastrointestinal incretins, and promoting an effect on the central nervous system that leads to appetite suppression and weight loss, which is reflected in increased muscle and liver sensitivity to insulin [ 67 , 68 ]. That is, oral semaglutide corrects seven of the eight mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D [ 67 ].…”
Section: Benefits Of Early and Effective Treatment In T2dmentioning
Background
There is currently a large arsenal of antidiabetic drugs available to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, this is a serious chronic disease that affects millions of adults worldwide and is responsible for severe complications, comorbidities, and low quality of life when uncontrolled due mainly to delays in initiating treatment or inadequate therapy. This review article aims to clarify the therapeutic role of the oral formulation of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) semaglutide in treating typical T2D patients. The discussion focused on metabolic, glycemic, and weight alteration effects and the safety of the therapy with this drug.
Main text
Therapy with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) promotes strategic changes in the pathophysiological pathway of T2D and improves the secretion of glucagon and insulin, which results in a reduction in blood glucose levels and the promotion of weight loss. Until recently, the only route for semaglutide administration was parenteral. However, an oral formulation of GLP-1 RA was recently developed and approved by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) based on the Peptide Innovation for Early Diabetes Treatment (PIONEER) program results. A sequence of 10 clinical studies compared oral semaglutide with placebo or active standard-of-care medications (empagliflozin 25 mg, sitagliptin 100 mg, or liraglutide 1.8 mg) in different T2D populations.
Conclusions
Oral semaglutide effectively reduces glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and body weight in a broad spectrum of patients with T2D and shows cardiovascular safety. Oral semaglutide broadens therapy options and facilitates the adoption of earlier GLP-1 RA treatment once T2D patients present low rates of treatment discontinuation. The main adverse events reported were related to the gastrointestinal tract, common to GLP-1 RA class drugs.
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