Comparison of the effects of butorphanol–midazolam–medetomidine and butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine in wild common palm civets (Paradoxurus musangus)

Comparing the Efficacy of Two Immobilization Drug Combinations for the Chemical Restraint of Bobcats (Lynx Rufus)

“…Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (hereafter BAM) is a DEA schedule IV opioid drug combination that has been used successfully to immobilize carnivores held in captivity such as the cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ; Semjonov et al 2019), black bear ( Ursus americanus ; Wolfe et al 2008; Williamson et al 2018), African lion ( Panthera leo ; Semjonov et al 2017), and in the wild palm civet ( Paradoxurus musangus ; Ahmad et al 2021) but has not been reported for free-ranging bobcats. Butorphanol is a К-opioid agonist and a µ-opioid antagonist with analgesic and sedative properties, a wide margin of safety, few adverse effects, and is fully reversible with naltrexone (Fish et al 2008; Kreeger and Arnemo 2012).…”

Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Immobilization

“…One example is butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM), which is a combination of butorphanol (schedule IV) with azaperone and medetomidine (both unscheduled). This has been tested in several species, such as white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus; Siegal-Willott et al 2009), American black bears ( Ursus americanus ; Wolfe et al 2008), lions, ( Panthera leo ; Semjonov et al 2017), American bison, ( Bison bison ; Harms et al 2018), rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta ; Malinowski et al 2019), and Asian palm civets ( Paradoxurus hermaphroditus ; Ahmad et al 2021). Most studies noted that BAM was effective for immobilization; however, hypoxemia has been noted in guanaco ( Lama guanicoe ; Georoff et al 2010) and red deer ( Cervus elaphus ; Wolfe, Fisher, Davis et al 2014), and an insufficient depth of anesthesia was noted for hole drilling for tail transmitter placement in American beavers ( Castor canadensis ; Roug et al 2018).…”