Sleep and human cognitive development

Mason, Gina M.; Lokhandwala, Sanna; Riggins, Tracy; Spencer, Rebecca M. C.

doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472

Cited by 127 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…However, there is now clear evidence in animals and humans that IEDs can result in cognitive impairment, especially if they are frequent and occur during important periods of brain development [23]. It is also widely accepted that sleep is relevant for memory consolidation and other cognitive processes [18,24] and that IEDs during sleep and sleep disruption in patients with epilepsy have a negative impact on cognitive functioning [19,25]. As for other newly developed ASMs, previous studies of cannabidiol treatment in epilepsy therapy also focused on seizure outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some patients, for example, the treatment goal might even be improvement of interictal EEG rather than reduction of seizures [17]. In addition, it is widely accepted that sleep is relevant for memory consolidation and other cognitive processes and that disruption of sleep micro-and macrostructure in patients with epilepsy can contribute to reduced cognitive function [18,19]. Therefore, it is important to estimate the effect of antiseizure medication (ASM) on interictal EEG (T0) and after 3 months (T1), then the percentage reduction at T1 compared with T0 was calculated [6].…”

Section: Cannabidiol Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study

et al. 2021

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Background Cannabidiol has been shown to be effective in seizure reduction in patients with Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis. However, very little is known about its potential to reduce interictal epileptiform activity and improve sleep architecture. Objective The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of cannabidiol therapy on the frequency of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and sleep microstructure in a cohort of children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods Children with drug-resistant epilepsy were prospectively followed from November 2019 to January 2021 during an open-label trial of cannabidiol at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day (to a maximum of 50 mg/kg/day) and stable concomitant medication. Electroencephalograms were recorded at baseline (T0) and after 3 months (T1). Two independent raters, blinded to clinical outcome, evaluated 5-min segments of sleep stage 2 or low-noise awake state. IEDs were visually identified and rates per minute calculated. Sleep microstructure was considered improved if sleep structures were seen at T1 that were not present at T0. IED rates at T0 and T1 were compared and correlated with seizure outcome, cannabidiol dose, initial IED rate, and disease duration. Results In total, 35 children (mean ± standard deviation age 10.1 ± 0.86) were included. The IED rate at T1 was significantly lower than at T0 (19.6 ± 19.5 vs. 36.8 ± 27.2, respectively; p < 0.0001). We found a moderate correlation between IED reduction and percentage of seizure reduction compared with baseline (Pearson's r = 0.39; p = 0.02), a moderate negative correlation between IED reduction and IED rate at T0 (r = − 0.34; p = 0.04), and a trend towards a moderate negative correlation between IED reduction and disease duration (r = − 0.32; p = 0.06). Sleep was recorded in 23 patients. Sleep microstructure was initially abnormal in 56.5% of sleep recordings and improved in 84.6% of those cases. Conclusion Our results strongly suggest the utility of cannabidiol in reducing IEDs and improving sleep microstructure in children with drug-resistant epilepsy. Larger controlled studies are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of this effect in different epilepsy types.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cannabidiol Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study

et al. 2021

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“…There is a large body of evidence that sleeps also supports memory, particularly in adults [21][22][23], and more recently, in children and infants [24,25]. Sleep-related memory consolidation is a process where previously encoded information is strengthened and integrated into existing knowledge stores during sleep [26].…”

Section: Sleep-related Memory Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prior Exposure and Toddlers’ Sleep-Related Memory for Novel Words

et al. 2021

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Children can easily link a novel word to a novel, unnamed object—something referred to as fast mapping. Despite the ease and speed with which children do this, their memories for novel fast-mapped words can be poor unless they receive memory supports such as further exposure to the words or sleep. Axelsson, Swinton, Winiger, and Horst (2018) found that 2.5-year-old children who napped after fast mapping had better retention of novel words than children who did not nap. Retention declined for those who did not nap. The children received no memory supports and determined the word–object mappings independently. Previous studies report enhanced memories after sleeping in children and adults, but the napping children’s retention in the Axelsson et al. study remained steady across time. We report a follow-up investigation where memory supports are provided after fast mapping to test whether memories would be enhanced following napping. Children’s retention of novel words improved and remained greater than chance; however, there was no nap effect with no significant difference between the children who napped and those who did not. These findings suggest that when memory supports are provided, retention improves, and the word–object mappings remain stable over time. When memory traces are weak and labile, such as after fast mapping, without further memory supports, sleeping soon after helps stabilise and prevent decay of word–object mappings.

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“…Alongside these brain structural changes, sleep architecture and physiology also undergo significant transformation in adolescence [ 16–19 ]. Of particular note, trajectories of SWA (0.5–4Hz), important for learning and memory consolidation reach a maximum before puberty and then decrease during adolescence and adulthood [ 20–23 ]. The developmental arc of cerebral glucose consumption reflects the waxing and waning of the energetically demanding nature of synaptic activity from childhood to adolescence [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical thinning and sleep slow wave activity reductions mediate age-related improvements in cognition during mid-late adolescence

Ong

Jamaluddin

Tandi

et al. 2021

Sleep

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Study Objectives Gains in cognitive test performance that occur during adolescence are associated with brain maturation. Cortical thinning and reduced sleep slow wave activity (SWA) are markers of such developmental changes. Here we investigate whether they mediate age-related improvements in cognition. Methods 109 adolescents aged 15-19y (49 males) underwent magnetic resonance imaging, polysomnography (PSG) and a battery of cognitive tasks within a 2-month time window. Cognitive tasks assessed non-verbal intelligence, sustained attention, speed of processing and working memory and executive function. To minimize the effect of sleep history on SWA and cognitive performance, PSG and test batteries were administered only after at least 8 nights of 9-h time-in-bed (TIB) sleep opportunity. Results Age-related improvements in speed of processing (r = 0.33, p = 0.001) and non-verbal intelligence (r = 0.24, p = 0.01) domains were observed. These cognitive changes were associated with reduced cortical thickness, particularly in bilateral temporoparietal regions (rs = -0.21 to -0.45, ps < 0.05), as well as SWA (r = -0.35, p < 0.001). Serial mediation models found that ROIs in the middle/superior temporal cortices, together with SWA mediated the age-related improvement observed on cognition. Conclusions During adolescence, age-related improvements in cognition are mediated by reductions in cortical thickness and sleep slow wave activity.

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Sleep and human cognitive development

Cited by 127 publications

References 99 publications

Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study

Effect of Cannabidiol on Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Sleep Architecture in Children with Intractable Epilepsy: A Prospective Open-Label Study

Prior Exposure and Toddlers’ Sleep-Related Memory for Novel Words

Cortical thinning and sleep slow wave activity reductions mediate age-related improvements in cognition during mid-late adolescence

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