Development of a New Electrochemical Sensor Based on Mag-MIP Selective Toward Amoxicillin in Different Samples

Abstract

This work describes an electrochemical sensor for the selective recognition and quantification of amoxicillin and a β-lactam antibiotic in real samples. This sensor consists of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with mag-MIP (magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer), which was prepared by precipitation method via free radical using acrylamide (AAm) as functional monomer, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) as a crosslinker, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, to functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic non-imprinted polymers (mag-NIP) were prepared using the same experimental procedure without analyte and used for the preparation of a CPE for comparative studies. The morphological, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the nanostructured material were evaluated using Field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and voltammetric technique. Electrochemical experiments performed by square wave voltammetry show that the mag-MIP/CPE sensor had a better signal response compared to the non-imprinted polymer-modified electrode (mag-NIP/CPE). The sensor showed a linear range from 2.5 to 57 μmol L−1 of amoxicillin (r2 = 0.9964), with a limit of detection and a limit of quantification of 0.75 and 2.48 μmol L−1, respectively. No significant interference in the electrochemical signal of amoxicillin was observed during the testing experiments in real samples (skimmed milk and river water). The proposed mag-MIP/CPE sensor could be used as a good alternative method to confront other techniques to determine amoxicillin in different samples.

Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor based on ZIF‐8 doped with CdSe quantum dots for the detection of trace estriol

“…In addition, it can also be seen in the figure that the RSD of the ECL intensities of the 14 measurements was 1.28%, indicating that the MIP‐ECL sensor had good repeatability and stability in the determination of estriol. [ 43 ] The prepared sensor was stored at 4°C after each measurement to investigate the stability of the MIP‐ECL sensor. The ECL intensity decreased by 1.10% after 1 week and by 2.98% after 2 weeks, indicating that the sensor has a long service life.…”

Recent Trends in the Development of Carbon-Based Electrodes Modified with Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Antibiotic Electroanalysis

“…Despite the fact that the first antibiotic, penicillin, was accidentally discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Flemming [1], the term "antibiotic" was introduced only in 1941 to describe small molecules produced by a microbe, which have the capacity to inhibit the development of other microbes or even to be lethal to these [2]. Antibiotics are either secondary metabolites of certain bacterial and fungal species [3][4][5] or semi-synthetic [6][7][8] or synthetic compounds [2]. Thus, antibiotics are used in modern healthcare to treat bacterial infections.…”

“…However, this delimitation is not very strict because there are also bacteriostatic antibiotics with bactericidal activity (e.g., linezolid) or vice versa, and some bactericidal antibiotics can act as bacteriostatic antimicrobials in certain conditions [10]. Regardless of this classification, these drugs help the living organisms to fight against various bacterial infections (gastrointestinal, urinary [6], genital tract [11], skin [2], abdominal [12], central nervous system [13] and ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, typhoid, bronchitis, sinusitis [8], arthritis, mastitis [3], tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria [14], etc. ), contributing thus to the improvement of human and animal health and reducing their mortality rate.…”

“…Besides the large use of antimicrobial drugs in human medicine, these compounds are also extensively employed for the prophylaxis or treatment of infections in plants and domestic (dogs, cats) and food-producing animals (livestock, horses, pigs, goats, sheep, etc.) [6,22,23]. On the other hand, many antibiotics present growth-promoting effects at sub-therapeutic dose levels [15], thus being used as growth promoters in the livestock and aquaculture industries [18,24].…”

Magnetic Surface Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Adsorption of 4-Hydroxycoumarin

“…In MIT, a specific target molecule or a structural analogue (virtual template) was firstly employed to facilitate recognition site formation through covalent or non-covalent interaction with bulk phase by polymerization, after removing the template, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was subsequent achieved with imprinted cavities which highly match the three-dimensional shape, size and functional site of target molecule ( Gao et al, 2020 ; Pan et al, 2018 ; Si et al, 2018 ). Compared to other adsorption systems, MIPs exhibit three unique characteristics of structure predetermination, application universality and recognition specificity and are highly promising for solid phase extraction ( Zhang et al, 2020 ), chemical sensors ( Cheng et al, 2017 ; Lopez et al, 2021 ; Raziq et al, 2021 ), capillary electrophoresis ( Bezdekova et al, 2021 ), simulated antibodies ( Seitz et al, 2021 ) and chromatographic separation ( Cheng et al, 2014 ). However, some drawbacks were founded in traditional molecular imprinting technology with the deepening development, including the serious embedding and uneven distribution of imprinting sites, incomplete removal of template, poor selectivity, and slow mass transfer rate, which directly limited the practical application of MIPs ( Deng et al, 2012 ; Wulff 2002 ).…”