“…When given a new input, the generator tries to produce an output that fools the discriminator. In biological image processing, cGANs are popular in multiple topics including data augmentation ( Bailo et al , 2019 ; Baniukiewicz et al , 2019 ; Dirvanauskas et al , 2019 ; Osokin et al , 2017 ), domain translation ( Han and Yin, 2017 ; Tang et al , 2020 ), resolution enhancement ( Alam et al , 2021 ; Ishii et al , 2020 ; Wang et al , 2022 ; Zhou et al , 2020 ), virtual stain ( Bayramoglu et al , 2017 ; Li et al , 2020 ; Liu et al , 2021 ; Rana et al , 2018 ; Rivenson et al , 2019 ; Vasiljević et al , 2021 ), stain normalization ( Cong et al , 2021 ; Zanjani et al , 2018 ) and others ( Isomura and Toyoizumi, 2021 ; Kench and Cooper, 2021 ; Wang et al , 2021 ). Particularly, Pix2Pix ( Isola et al , 2017 ) is a successful example of cGANs that show effectiveness on multiple tasks such as image colorization and style transfer.…”