The Administration of the Synbiotic Lactobacillus bulgaricus 6c3 Strain, Inulin and Fructooligosaccharide Decreases the Concentrations of Indoxyl Sulfate and Kidney Damage in a Rat Model

Abstract

Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is involved in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in its cardiovascular complications. One of the approaches proposed to decrease IS is the administration of synbiotics. This work aimed to search for a probiotic strain capable to decrease serum IS levels and mix it with two prebiotics (inulin and fructooligosaccharide (FOS)) to produce a putative synbiotic and test it in a rat CKD model. Two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were nephrectomized. One group (Lac) received the mixture for 16 weeks in drinking water and the other no (Nef). A control group (C) included sham-nephrectomized rats. Serum creatinine and IS concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Optical microscopy and two-photon excitation microscopy was used to study kidney and heart samples. The Lac group, which received the synbiotic, reduced IS by 0.8% while the Nef group increased it by 38.8%. Histological analysis of kidneys showed that the Lac group increased fibrotic areas by 12% and the Nef group did it by 25%. The synbiotic did not reduce cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, the putative synbiotic showed that function reducing IS and the progression of CKD in a rat model, but no heart protection was observed.

Indoxyl Sulfate Elevated Lnc-SLC15A1-1 Upregulating CXCL10/CXCL8 Expression in High-Glucose Endothelial Cells by Sponging MicroRNAs

“…Thus, our findings might explain only one aspect of the induction of CVD by DKD. In order for the causal relationship of IS and endothelial injury among various uremic toxins in DKD to be elucidated, modulation of the amount of IS in an animal model of DM with renal failure will further confirm the conclusions of this study, such as decreasing IS synthesis via handling gut microbiota [71,72], reducing indole absorption by spherical carbon adsorbent AST-120 [73], increasing IS serum level by oral or intravenous extra IS supplement, or inhibiting the function of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 (OAT1/3) [74]. Second, our data regarding the important role of lnc-SLC15A1-1; chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL8; and miRNAs miR-150-3p, miR-27b-5p, and miR297 are derived from in vitro studies.…”

Uremia-Induced Gut Barrier Defect in 5/6 Nephrectomized Mice Is Worsened by Candida Administration through a Synergy of Uremic Toxin, Lipopolysaccharide, and (1➔3)-β-D-Glucan, but Is Attenuated by Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus L34

“…These findings support the benefits of probiotics on CKD [ 70 ], possibly through anti-inflammatory exopolysaccharide [ 71 ]. Although the MW of IS, at 0.23 kDa, is small enough to pass through the normal intestinal tight junction (MW lower than 0.6 kDa) [ 10 , 72 ], several probiotics decrease serum IS [ 73 , 74 ], implying a decrease in bacteria with IS production property during advanced CKD. Probiotic tests on other CKD models might be interesting because of the possible difference in interference of gut dysbiosis and inflammatory responses in individual CKD models.…”

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P9 improved gut microbial metabolites and alleviated inflammatory response in pesticide exposure cohorts

“…plantarum was also positively correlated with the metabolic pathway creatinine degradation II (r = 0.47). The increased activity of the metabolic pathway creatinine degradation II accelerated the degradation of creatinine, which alleviated the pressure brought by the pesticides on the kidney ( Jerez-Morales et al., 2021 ). This may be a protective mode of P9 against pesticide-induced harmful effects in humans.…”