“…Resistant pests have emerged due to adverse climate change effects, and to downsize such resistant pest varieties with new techniques is a challenging task for agronomists. , Heterocyclic compounds, including furan, pyrrole, and indole fragments, play a pivotal role in the development of novel pesticides. These compounds have gained attention in this field due to their high efficiency, diverse biological activities, environmental friendliness, and ability to accommodate various substituents. − As a bioisosteric group of amide bonds, 1,2,4-oxadiazole has demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activities such as insecticidal properties against resistant pests − and bactericidal effects. − It also shows herbicidal activity and potential anticancer activities . Chemically belonging to the five-member nitrogenous heterocyclic skeleton with oxygen and nitrogen atoms present within its structure gives 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives unique characteristics that endow them with high affinity and selectivity toward target enzyme sites, consequently leading to their broad-spectrum effectiveness. − In addition, pyrazole amide derivatives have good insecticidal and fungicidal activities. , Notably, a number of pyrazole amide derivatives such as chlorantraniliprole, , tetraniliprole, thiotraniliprole, tetrachloraniliprole, dimpropyridaz, and penflufen, (Figure ), have been developed and utilized in the pesticide market.…”